Occurrence of haloacetic acids in chlorinated drinking water

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are a second major class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) arising from the chlorination of drinking water. They have not been studied as extensively as the trihalomethanes (THMs), but in many waters they are found at concentrations equal to, or greater than, the concentration of THMs. Health effects research suggests that some HAA species are more harmful than THM species. This paper summarizes a number of the author's recent investigations concerning the formation, occurrence, stability, and control of HAAs in chlorinated drinking water. A number of examples linking observations made under controlled laboratory conditions to field-scale observations are presented, and the significance of the findings to water treatment practice is discussed.

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Formation of DBPs in the drinking eater of Athens, Greece: a Ten-Year study

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000319 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 106-118

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Chloral Hydrate ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

The European Union ◽

Water Treatment Plants ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

By Products ◽

The Eu

The formation of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in drinking water results from the reaction of chlorine or other disinfectants added to the water with naturally occurring organic materials, and has raised concerns during the last decades because these compounds are harmful for human health. During the present work, the formation of different categories of DBPs was investigated in four water treatment plants (WTP) using chlorine as disinfectant, and in selected points of the distribution network of Athens, Greece, which is supplied from these four WTP, during a period of ten years. The concentrations of DBPs were generally low and the annual mean concentrations always well below the regulatory limit of the European Union (EU) for the total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). The haloacetic acids (HAAs) have not been regulated in the EU, but during this investigation they often occurred in significant levels, sometimes exceeding the levels of TTHMs, which highlights the importance of their monitoring in drinking water. Apart from THMs and HAAs, several other DBPs species were detected at much lower concentrations in the chlorinated waters: chloral hydrate, haloketones and, in a limited number of cases, haloacetonitriles.

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Mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the haloacetic acids, a major class of drinking water disinfection by-products

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis ◽

10.1002/em.20585 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 51 (8-9) ◽

pp. 871-878 ◽

Cited By ~ 184

Author(s):

Michael J. Plewa ◽

Jane Ellen Simmons ◽

Susan D. Richardson ◽

Elizabeth D. Wagner

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Mammalian Cell ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

Cell Cytotoxicity ◽

Major Class ◽

Drinking Water Disinfection ◽

By Products

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Factors Influencing the Formation of Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids in Source Water

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.347 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 183-185 ◽

pp. 347-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gai Mei Guo

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Humic Acid ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

Effective Control ◽

Source Water ◽

Functional Relationships ◽

Water Treatment Process ◽

By Products

Humic acid and aromatic organic compounds (AOCs) detected generally in source water recently could react with chlorine during drinking water treatment process to generate disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). To simulate the real contaminated water, in the samples containing humic acid, 1,3-benzenediol, 1,4-benzenediol, 1,2-benzenediol, phenol and benzoic acid as representative AOCs were added to conduct chlorination test in order to analyze the impacts of some factors on the formation of THMs and HAAs. The research results indicated that THMs concentration increased with pH but HAAs concentration decreased with pH, and chlorine time, temperature and chlorine dosage all had the functional relationships with the formation of THMs and HAAs. These results could provide the valuable information for the effective control of DBPs during drinking water treatment operation.

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Simultaneous Compliance of TOC and Turbidity Related to Pathogen Breakthrough and THMs Control by Enhanced Coagulation

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000322 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 145-153

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

The Other ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

Enhanced Coagulation ◽

Toc Removal ◽

Jar Test ◽

By Products

Since discovery of harmful disinfection by products (DBPs) like trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in chlorinated waters the removal of organic DBPs precursors gained priority in drinking water treatment. Historically, coagulation process was arranged to remove turbidity, typically related to pathogens occurrence, but nowadays it is usually optimized/enhanced for total organic carbon (TOC) reduction. This work dealt with the removal of TOC and turbidity by means of enhanced coagulation process using Al2(SO4)3⋅18 H2O and FeCl3⋅6H2O as coagulants for jar test without pH adjustment according to USEPA procedure. 15% of TOC removal required by USEPA D/DBPs rule (1998) was achieved using 30-50 mg l-1 of both coagulants. On the other hand, for compliance with more stringent MCL for total THMs in Italy (30 μg l-1) higher TOC removal (>30%) which needed of higher coagulants doses (80 mg l-1), was obviously required. Those high coagulant doses were also to be used for the compliance with the turbidity standard (<1NTU).

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