Preliminary studies on removal of nitrate and hardness from ground water using polystyrene beads

Ground water has emerged as the primary water deficiency reduction tool in most developing countries. Recently, the quality of ground water has deteriorated due to over-exploitation and contamination resulting from anthropogenic activities. A broad range of physical, inorganic and organic, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters are found in ground waters. The presence of nitrate and hardness-causing ions at elevated levels is of greatest concern currently, as they can have a serious impact on human health and water distribution systems. The conventional methods which are applied to reduce the concentration of these inorganic constituents are found to be inconsistent when the concentration is significantly high. The present study is an attempt to remove nitrate and hardness-causing ions using polystyrene (PS) beads as packed media. The ground water sample had a total hardness between 1,030–1,250 mg/L, which is greater than the permissible limit, and the nitrate concentration was less than 45 mg/L. PS beads packed media was found to respond significantly in reducing nitrate by 88% and total hardness by 38% at an optimum flow rate and particle size of 3 L/min and 4 mm diameter respectively. PS beads can be a promising media in reducing nitrate and total hardness.

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Optimal Ground Water Distribution Systems

Building Partnerships ◽

10.1061/40517(2000)382 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Melanie Bengtson ◽

Otto J. Helweg

Keyword(s):

Ground Water ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution Systems

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Evaluation of corrosion and scaling tendency indices in a drinking water distribution system: a case study of Bandar Abbas city, Iran

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2014.157 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 203-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vali Alipour ◽

Kavoos Dindarloo ◽

Amir Hossein Mahvi ◽

Leila Rezaei

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Test Results ◽

System A ◽

Drinking Water Distribution ◽

Bandar Abbas

Corrosion and scaling is a major problem in water distribution systems, thus evaluation of water corrosivity properties is a routine test in water networks. To evaluate water stability in the Bandar Abbas water distribution system, the network was divided into 15 clusters and 45 samples were taken. Langelier, Ryznar, Puckorius, Larson–Skold (LS) and Aggressive indices were determined and compared to the marble test. The mean parameters included were pH (7.8 ± 0.1), electrical conductivity (1,083.9 ± 108.7 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (595.7 ± 54.7 mg/L), Cl (203.5 ± 18.7 mg/L), SO4 (174.7 ± 16.0 mg/L), alkalinity (134.5 ± 9.7 mg/L), total hardness (156.5 ± 9.3 mg/L), HCO3 (137.4 ± 13.0 mg/L) and calcium hardness (71.8 ± 4.3 mg/L). According to the Ryznar, Puckorius and Aggressive Indices, all samples were stable; based on the Langelier Index, 73% of samples were slightly corrosive and the rest were scale forming; according to the LS index, all samples were corrosive. Marble test results showed tested water of all 15 clusters tended to scale formation. Water in Bandar Abbas is slightly scale forming. The most appropriate indices for the network conditions are the Aggressive, Puckorius and Ryznar indices that were consistent with the marble test.

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Occurrence of legionellae in hot water distribution systems of Finnish apartment buildings

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m94-159 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 993-999 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Outi M. Zacheus ◽

Pertti J. Martikainen

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Ground Water ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution Systems ◽

Water Systems ◽

Hot Water ◽

Apartment Buildings ◽

Water Plants

The occurrence of legionellae in the hot water distribution systems of 67 buildings located in different parts of Finland was studied. Most of the buildings were apartment buildings. They had different hot water temperatures, and some received their cold potable water from surface water plants and some from ground water plants. Hot water samples were taken from taps, showers, and water mains just before and after the heat exchanger. Legionella pneumophila was isolated from 30% of the distribution systems. In the legionella-positive samples the legionella concentration varied from < 50 to 3.2 × 105 colony-forming units (cfu)/L (mean 2.7 × 103 cfu/L). The highest concentration of legionellae was found in the shower water. Legionellae appeared more often and with higher concentrations in hot water systems using cold water processed in surface water plants than in hot water systems associated with ground water plants. A high organic matter content in surface waters might favor the occurrence of legionellae and also the growth of other heterotrophic microbes. Mean water temperature just after heating was slightly higher in the legionella-negative systems than in the legionella-positive systems (53.5 vs. 51.5 °C).Key words: Legionella, organic carbon, hot water distribution system, water temperature.

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Study and Analysis of Ground Water Quality

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology ◽

10.48175/ijarsct-1554 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1238-1242

Author(s):

Prof. Arpita A. Nandanwar ◽

Arjun Sharma ◽

Badal Dolas ◽

Shruti Bagde

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Ground Water ◽

Water Quality Management ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Total Alkalinity ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Ground Water Quality ◽

Periodic Monitoring ◽

Ground Water Sample ◽

Dug Well

Today’s drastic issue takes place due to human behavior in our environment. And we are discussing about the issue of water pollution and harmful substance present in water which contaminates the ground water quality, so it may affect the ground water which drilled out through borewell or casing. A study has been carried out to get its physic -chemical characteristics of bore well and dug well water which are collected from Nagpur Region, Water samples were collected from different locations near from Nagpur region. The main aim of our study is assessing the water quality index (WQI) for ground water. At particular distance from Nagpur city .And analyzed for PH, conductivity, total hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, total alkalinity, sulphates, chlorides, temperature, TDS, physic - chemical Parameters and biological characteristics of ground water sample suggest that the monitoring of water quality below the ground surface as well as water quality management should be carried out periodic and as well as to protect the source of water resources. The study indicates the need for periodic monitoring and GIS based study of ground water in the study area which is high dense with population.

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Study of Effects of Leachate

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.38458 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 560-565

Author(s):

Dr. S. Syed Enayathali

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Ground Water ◽

Suspended Matter ◽

Magnesium Chloride ◽

Total Dissolved Solids ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Ground Water Sample ◽

Surrounding Areas ◽

Dissolved And Suspended Matter

Abstract: Leachate in landfill can be defined as a liquid that passes through a landfill a has extracted dissolved and suspended matter from it. Leachate generation is a major problem for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in many countries and it causes significant threat to surface water and ground water. To find the effect of leachate in the ground, ground water sample was collected from the surrounding areas of 1 km radius away from Kodungaiyur landfill and the samples were tested for various parameters such as colour, turbidity, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride, potassium, COD and BOD. Eight samples were collected from 1km away were collected. The parameters were compared with IS 10500:2012. The analysis helps us to understand how much the ground water is affected by the percolation of leachate. Keywords: Leachate, Hardness, Chloride, TDS, BOD, and COD

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PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER IN BUNDI REGION, RAJASTHAN, INDIA

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v24i2pp379-385 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Author(s):

RACHANA JADON ◽

FATIMA SULTANA ◽

NITU SINGH

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Ground Water ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Physicochemical Analysis ◽

Fluoride Content ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Chloride Sulfate ◽

Major Surface

The present study has been focused on analysis of physicochemical parameters (pH, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Total dissolved solids, Conductivity, Chloride, Sulfate, Fluoride content) in major surface water and ground water bodies of Bundi Region. All results were compared with the standard limits as per WHO guideline for drinking water. The deterioration in the quality of water could be accounted to rapid urbanization. The result of present work reveals that surface water and ground water collected from selected sites showed alkalinity, except surface water of site II and IV whereas parameters such as turbidity, total solids, total hardness, chloride, sulfate, fluoride content values were high at site III and IV, while in case of conductivity site III showed highest degree of occurrence indicating adverse impact of anthropogenic activities in Bundi.

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