Municipal Drinking Water Treatment Procedures for Taste and Odour Abatement – A Review

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Montiel
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Oxidation Stage ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
Treatment Procedures

Taste and odour of water are sensory qualities the consumers can appreciate very easily. It is of prime importance that, during the water treatment process, taste and odours be removed and that the tap water have no abnormal taste or odour. There are three sources of tastes and odours, the removal of which must be studied separately. All the odorous compounds originating in the raw water should be removed in the treatment processes which are clarification, oxidation and adsorption. During water treatment processes such as the oxidation stage (chlorination), tastes and odours may be produced and the use of such treatments must be carefully monitored. Tastes may be produced in the water distribution system by microbiological activity which must be suppressed.

Characterization of NOM in a drinking water treatment process train with no disinfectant residual

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Baghoth ◽  
M. Dignum ◽  
A. Grefte ◽  
J. Kroesbergen ◽  
G. L. Amy
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

For drinking water treatment plants that do not use disinfectant residual in the distribution system, it is important to limit availability of easily biodegradable natural organic matter (NOM) fractions which could enhance bacterial regrowth in the distribution system. This can be achieved by optimising the removal of those fractions of interest during treatment; however, this requires a better understanding of the physical and chemical properties of these NOM components. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and liquid chromatography with online organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) were used to characterize NOM in water samples from one of the two water treatment plants serving Amsterdam, The Netherlands. No disinfectant residual is applied in the distribution system. Fluorescence EEM and LC-OCD were used to track NOM fractions. Whereas fluorescence EEM shows the reduction of humic-like as well as protein-like fluorescence signatures, LC-OCD was able to quantify the changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of five NOM fractions: humic substances, building blocks (hydrolysates of humics), biopolymers, low molecular weight acids and neutrals.

Study on Phosphorus and Bacterial Regrowth in Drinking Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 466-469
Author(s):  
Deng Ling Jiang ◽  
Yu Min Zhang ◽  
Ning Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Bacterial Regrowth ◽  
Water Treatment Process

Phosphorus limitation on bacterial regrowth was studied in source water, water treatment process and water distribution system of J Water Supply Plant in T city, by modified AOC method and MAP analysis. Based on the study, the follows can be concluded: ① MAP(Microbially Available Phosphorus) concentration was higher in source water and water treatment process, which was 5～38µg PO43－-P/L. However in water distribution, MAP concentration was lower, which was less than 5µg PO43--P/L. ②Coagulation and sedimentation can remove MAP efficiently. 31%～68% of MAP can be removed in these process. ③ In source water and water treatment process, there was no evident difference between AOCpotential, AOCp and AOCnative. So assimilable organic carbon (AOC) was the most important factor of bacterial regrowth. In water distribution system, the concentration of AOCpotential and AOCp were 2～8.7 times of the concentration of AOCnative. So phosphorus limited bacterial regrowth.

scholarly journals Energy and Water conservation by Coagulant Change over from Aluminum Sulfate to Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) at a Conventional Water Treatment Plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Efficient Management

In industrial water treatment process coagulation process is used to destabilized suspended particles and to reacts with dissolved organic materials in raw water. Proper coagulation is essential for good filtration performance and for disinfection by product control. Improper coagulation can cause high aluminum residuals in the treated water and the post-treatment precipitation of particles causing turbidity, deposition and coating of pipes in the water distribution system. Minimizing the solid residuals produced from coagulation has also become a more important part of utility operations due to increased disposal costs and land filling restrictions. Choice of a suitable coagulant for maximum contaminant removal and reduction in costs is the most important parameters of water treatment. Sludge handling, conservation of water, saving energy and cost effective water treatment continue to be major hurdles in effective and efficient management of water treatment across the industries. In this case study the feasibility of using poly aluminum chloride instead of Alum has been studied.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution Systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (17) ◽  
pp. 5714-5718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanwu Xi ◽  
Yongli Zhang ◽  
Carl F. Marrs ◽  
Wen Ye ◽  
Carl Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Source Water

ABSTRACT The occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are pressing public health problems worldwide, and aquatic ecosystems are a recognized reservoir for ARB. We used culture-dependent methods and quantitative molecular techniques to detect and quantify ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in source waters, drinking water treatment plants, and tap water from several cities in Michigan and Ohio. We found ARGs and heterotrophic ARB in all finished water and tap water tested, although the amounts were small. The quantities of most ARGs were greater in tap water than in finished water and source water. In general, the levels of bacteria were higher in source water than in tap water, and the levels of ARB were higher in tap water than in finished water, indicating that there was regrowth of bacteria in drinking water distribution systems. Elevated resistance to some antibiotics was observed during water treatment and in tap water. Water treatment might increase the antibiotic resistance of surviving bacteria, and water distribution systems may serve as an important reservoir for the spread of antibiotic resistance to opportunistic pathogens.

Natural Organic Matter and Disinfectant By-Products (DBPs) Formation Potential in Agriculture Area in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 513-518
Author(s):  
Nurazim Ibrahim ◽  
Hamidi Abdul Aziz ◽  
Mohd Suffian Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
By Products

Natural organic matter (NOM) in water reacts with chlorine or other disinfectants and form hazardous disinfectant by-products (DBPs). This study aimed to detect the presence of NOM in a conventional water distribution system using UV absorbance at 254 nm as a surrogate. Two water treatment plants were selected, namely, Jalan Baharu Water Treatment Plant (JBWTP) and Lubok Buntar Water Treatment Plant (LBWTP). Aside from determining the amount of NOM, the reduction of UV254after completing the series of treatments (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) was also observed. The presence of UV254in both raw water and treated water samples confirmed the presence of NOM. The concentration of UV254recorded at JBWTP and LBWTP were 0.14 and 0.13 cm−1, respectively. After the treatment processes, the concentration was reduced to 0.04 cm−1for JBWTP and 0.03 cm−1for LBWTP. These results indicated that the water supply in both plants contains DBP precursors and implied the possibility of DBP formation in the system. Moreover, the percentage reduction of UV254recorded were 69% and 75% for JBWTP and LBWTP, respectively.

Biofilm formation potentials in drinking waters treated by different advanced treatment processes

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Okabe ◽  
T. Kokazi ◽  
Y. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
The Impact

When biodegradable organic matter and other nutrients, such as ammonia and phosphorus, are not sufficiently removed during water treatment, bacteria may proliferate in the water distribution system. Bacterial regrowth deteriorates water quality (taste and odor), accelerates corrosion, and potentially increases the risk of microbial diseases. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the impact of four different advanced water treatment processes, including biological treatments such as a rotating biofilm membrane reactor (RBMR) and a biological activated carbon (BAC) filter and ultrafiltration (UF), on reduction of nutrient levels and biofilm formation potentials of the treated water entering model distribution systems (annular reactors). Our results revealed that biological treatments significantly improved the “biostability” of water leaving from the treatment plant. On average, The RBMR and BAC filter reduced easily assimilable organic carbon (AOC) concentration by half when compared with conventional treatment (multi-media filtration; MF) and ultrafiltration (from 35-49 to 18-23 mg C L-1). Consequently, biofilm formation potential was reduced by a factor of 5 to 10 (from 3,200-5,100 to 490-710 pg ATP cm-2). With respect to “biostability” of water, ultrafiltration was less effective in reducing AOC concentrations. In addition, the impact of chlorine disinfection on biofilm accumulation and AOC levels in the distribution system were studied.

scholarly journals Analysis of chemical stability of tap water in terms of required level of technological safety

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik ◽  
Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak ◽  
Dorota Papciak ◽  
Izabela Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Corrosion Properties

AbstractThe main goal of this work is to show the new approach to determining safety technological levels (SLs) in terms of water quality and its chemical stability, as well as issues of water corrosion properties in water distribution systems (WDSs), due to the fact that water supply pipes are prone to corrosion. In the paper the methodology of determining the risk associated with threat to technical infrastructure was considered. The concept was studied on the basis of real operational data from the water treatment plant. The probability of exceeding the individual parameters for WTPI is slightly larger than for WTPII, which means that this water treatment process may cause lack of chemical stability in the water supply network. Operators should anticipate in the process of designing water distribution system, using proper materials, as to ensure an adequate level of safety from the water source to the water recipient. It should be noted that it is necessary to adjust the material of internal installation of water supply networks to the parameters of the water. At present, there are no correlations between the designing step and water parameters. It was concluded that to protect the water supply infrastructure, which belongs to critical infrastructure, water company should put more emphasis on distribution of stable water that has not potentially corrosion properties. Some suggestions were made for the protection of WDS and to ensure safety of system functioning and long-term usability of water pipes.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Changes of Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Communities in Drinking Water Distribution System in Wrocław, Poland

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2601
Author(s):  
Agata Siedlecka ◽  
Mirela Wolf-Baca ◽  
Katarzyna Piekarska
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria is an emerging problem in drinking water treatment. This paper presents the comparison of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) prevalence during the summer and winter season in a full-scale drinking water distribution system (DWDS) supplied by two water treatment plants (WTPs). The effect of distance from WTP and physical–chemical water parameters on its microbial properties was also tested. Bacterial consortia dwelling in bulk tap water were additionally compared by means of denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed that among ARB, bacteria resistant to ceftazidime (CAZ) were the most abundant, followed by bacteria resistant to amoxicillin (AML), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and tetracycline (TE). Numerous ARGs were detected in tested tap water samples. Only CAZ resistant bacteria were more prevalent in the season of increased antibiotic consumption, and only AML resistant bacteria relative abundances increase was statistically significant with the distance from a WTP. The investigated tap water meets all legal requirements. It is therefore safe to drink according to the law. Nevertheless, because antibiotic resistance could pose a threat to consumer health, it should be further monitored in DWDSs.

Perchlorate as a secondary substrate in a denitrifying, hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nerenberg ◽  
B.E. Rittmann
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Fiber Membrane ◽  
Biological Reduction ◽  
Treatment Processes

In recent years, several oxyanions have emerged as drinking water micropollutants, including arsenate, selenate, bromate, and, most recently, perchlorate (ClO4-). Conventional water treatment processes typically are ineffective in removing these compounds, and advanced treatment processes are expensive. Biological reduction may provide a suitable treatment alternative, since these compounds can serve as electron acceptors. Other acceptors, such as nitrate (NO3-), must act as a primary electron acceptor. We tested our denitrifying, autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing hollow-fiber membrane for ClO4- reduction. The reactor is highly suited to drinking water treatment, as hydrogen (H2) is inexpensive, non-toxic, and does not leave residuals that can cause regrowth. When 1 to 2 mg/L ClO4- was supplied to reactor, which was at steady-state with 5 mgN/L NO3- but unacclimated to ClO4-, ClO4- removals increased from 40 to 99% over three weeks. Removals to 4 μg/L were also achieved in a natural groundwater having 6 to 100 μg/L ClO4-. Tests with variable NO3- and H2 showed that ClO4- reduction requires less than 30 μgN/L NO3- and at least 300-μg/L effluent H2. Therefore, partial denitrification is probably not consistent with excellent ClO4- removal. Mineral medium produced a gradual loss of ClO4--reducing bacteria, but they were re-enriched when tap water replaced minimal medium.

Water treatment to reduce internal corrosion in the drinking water distribution system in Oslo

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Hem ◽  
E.A. Vik ◽  
A. Bjørnson-Langen
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Copper Corrosion ◽  
Iron Corrosion ◽  
Internal Corrosion

In 1995 the new Skullerud water treatment plant was put into operation. The new water treatment includes colour removal and corrosion control with an increase of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in addition to the old treatment, which included straining and chlorination only. Comparative measurements of internal corrosion were conducted before and after the installation of the new treatment plant. The effect of the new water treatment on the internal corrosion was approximately a 20% reduction in iron corrosion and a 70% reduction in copper corrosion. The heavy metals content in standing water was reduced by approximately 90%. A separate internal corrosion monitoring programme was conducted, studying the effects of other water qualities on the internal corrosion rate. Corrosion coupons were exposed to the different water qualities for nine months. The results showed that the best protection of iron was achieved with water supersaturated with calcium carbonate. Neither a high content of free carbon dioxide or the use of the corrosion inhibitor sodium silicate significantly reduced the iron corrosion rate compared to the present treated water quality. The copper corrosion rate was mainly related to the pH in the water.

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