Contribution for the Study of New Pathogenic Indicators Removal from W.S.P. in Portugal

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Nascimento ◽  
J. S. Oliveira ◽  
L. Oliveira ◽  
J. T. Mexia
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Microbial Removal ◽  
Pathogens Removal ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

In the control of pathogens removal in W.S.P. in Portugal, other indicators than the classic ones were used to quantify die-off kinetics (Faecal coliforms, Faecal Streptococci, Clostridiumperfringens, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Heterotrophies). The influence of climatic parameters (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) in that kinetics was studied, different equations being tested to express relationships existing among climatic parameters and microbial removal in different types of ponds. The existence of significant correlations among these factors and parameters was concluded, as well as the dominance of certain models to quantify these relationships, differing according to the microorganisms considered, the type of lagoon and the climatic factor (θ) studied.

Applying Bacteriological Parameters for Evaluating Underground Water Quality

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. El-Zanfaly ◽  
A. M. Shabaan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Bacterial Pollution ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

A total of 111 water samples were drawn from 15 wells. These samples were subjected to bacteriological examinations to determine the suitability of the monitored wells as source for drinking water. Significant levels of bacterial pollution indicators were detected in the underground water samples during the period of study. Total bacterial counts ranged between 10-104CFU/ml. Faecal streptococci was the most common and detected in 9 6% of water samples. Lower percentages of samples (92, 55 and 45%) were contaminated with total coliforms, faecal coliforms and total clostridia, respectively. Faecal coliforms: faecal streptococci was less than 0.7 in 86% of the examined samples. Anaerobic bacteria were detected in the examined well water samples. Only 101 water samples were tested for anaerobic spore-formers and all showed positive results. Most examined wells do not meet the water quality standards for drinking water. Accordingly, the necessity of controllin bacterial pollution in ground-water through disinfection was clearly confirmed. Testing the underground water for more than one indicator represents an important approach for water quality assurance.

scholarly journals The Effects of Roadside Woody Vegetation on the Surface Temperature of Cycle Paths

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Nikola Žižlavská ◽  
Tomáš Mikita ◽  
Zdeněk Patočka
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Roadside Vegetation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

The article is on the effects of woody vegetation growing on the roadside on the temperature of the surface of cycle paths. The main hypothesis of the study is that vegetation has the effect of lowering the temperature of the surroundings in its shadow and thus improves the comfort of users of cycle paths in the summer months. The second hypothesis is to find out which type of road surface is most suitable for the thermal well-being of users. This goal was achieved by measuring the temperature of selected locations on cycle paths with different types of construction surfaces with nearby woody vegetation using a contactless thermometer over several days at regular intervals. The positions of the selected locations were measured using GNSS and the whole locality of interest was photographed using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), or drone, and subsequently a digital surface model (DSM) of the area was created using a Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm. This model served for the calculation of incident solar radiation during the selected days using the Solar Area Graphics tool with ArcGIS software. Subsequently, the effect of the shade of the surrounding vegetation on the temperature during the day was analysed and statistically evaluated. The results are presented in many graphs and their interpretation used to evaluate the effects of nearby woody vegetation and the type of road surface on the surrounding air temperature and the comfort of users of these routes. The results demonstrate the benefits of using UAVs for the purpose of modelling the course of solar radiation during the day, showing the effect of roadside vegetation on reducing the surface temperature of the earth’s surface and thus confirming the need for planting and maintaining such vegetation.

Relationship between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacterial Indicators in Polluted Natural Waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. de Vicente ◽  
J. C. Codina ◽  
P. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Faecal Indicators ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

The relationship between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the faecal pollution index (total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci) in natural waters was established. Water samples were collected from several aquatic environments in Málaga (Spain). P. aeruginosa counts and isolation frequencies were clearly associated with the degree of faecal pollution of the studied water. The results confirmed that domestic sewage was the major source of P. aeruginosa in river and seawater, being isolated from sewage at concentrations about 105 cfu/100 ml. There was a close correlation between the P. aeruginosa concentration and the densities of the three faecal indicators in both river and marine waters. A significant correlation was not observed in waters with little faecal pollution because P. aeruginosa was only occasionally isolated from these waters and at very low densities. P. aeruginosa concentrations in sewage and polluted natural waters were generally 3-4 log lower than the TC densities and 2 log lower than FC and FS concentrations. TC, FC and FS could be considered adequate indicators of the presence and densities of P. aeruginosa in natural waters, especially TC in freshwaters and FS in seawater respectively, as these parameters showed the best correlations and the most parallel inactivation processes with P. aeruginosa in each environment.

scholarly journals Effects of Aerosols and Clouds on the Levels of Surface Solar Radiation and Solar Energy in Cyprus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Fountoulakis ◽  
Panagiotis Kosmopoulos ◽  
Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou ◽  
Panagiotis-Ioannis Raptis ◽  
Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Satellite Retrievals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fine Resolution

Cyprus plans to drastically increase the share of renewable energy sources from 13.9% in 2020 to 22.9% in 2030. Solar energy can play a key role in the effort to fulfil this goal. The potential for production of solar energy over the island is much higher than most of European territory because of the low latitude of the island and the nearly cloudless summers. In this study, high quality and fine resolution satellite retrievals of aerosols and dust, from the newly developed MIDAS climatology, as well as information for clouds from CMSAF are used in order to quantify the effects of aerosols, dust, and clouds on the levels of surface solar radiation (SSR) and the corresponding financial loss for different types of installations for production of solar energy. An SSR climatology has been also developed based on the above information. Ground-based measurements were also incorporated to study the contribution of different species to the aerosol mixture and the effects of day-to-day variability of aerosols on SSR. Aerosols attenuate 5 – 10% of annual GHI and 15 – 35% of annual DNI, while clouds attenuate ~25 – 30% and 35 – 50% respectively. Dust is responsible for 30 – 50% of the overall attenuation by aerosols.

scholarly journals A climatic study of an urban green space: the Gulbenkian Park in Lisbon (Portugal)

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (84) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Andrade ◽  
Rute Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Urban Green Space ◽  
Mean Radiant Temperature ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Incident Solar Radiation ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Isolated Trees ◽  
Radiant Temperature

Measurements of various climatic parameters were carried out in an average-sized green space in the centre of Lisbon (the Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian Park). The aims consisted of assessing the thermal differentiation between the park and the surrounding built-up area and analysing the microclimatic patterns within the park itself. The main results demonstrate that the park is cooler than the built-up area in all the seasons and both during the daytime and at night, but especially so in the daytime during the summer. The most significant microclimatic contrasts were found to occur with respect to solar radiation and mean radiant temperature, with consequences upon the level of thermal comfort. The structure of the vegetation was also found to have a significant microclimatic influence, since the reduction in the level of incident solar radiation brought on by the presence of groups of trees was much larger than that associated with isolated trees.

scholarly journals Influence of Tropical Climate Parameters on Properties of Acid Sulfate Soils for Sustainable Oil Palm Cultivation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Pattamit Sasirat ◽  
Irb Kheoruenromne ◽  
Anchalee Suddhiprakarn ◽  
Somchai Anusontpornperm
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Tropical Savanna ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Silt Content ◽  
Tropical Monsoon ◽  
Sulfate Soils

To promote effective oil palm plantation and environmental sustainability, this research assessed influence of climatic parameters on physicochemical properties of Thai acid sulfate soils (ASSs). ASSs under oil palm planting areas (Topsoil: Ap, Subsoil-1: Ap-60 cm, Subsoil-2: 60–100 cm, and Rootzone: sum of the three depth levels) and historical climate data in tropical savanna and tropical monsoon were investigated. Stepwise approach of multiple regression analysis from component defining variable of principal component analysis revealed that, in tropical savanna, daily solar radiation influenced clay content (p<0.05) in Topsoil, cation exchange capacity (p<0.05) in Subsoil-1, soil pH by water (p<0.01) in Subsoil-2, and silt content (p<0.001) in Rootzone. In tropical monsoon, daily solar radiation influenced exchangeable magnesium (p<0.01) in Subsoil-2, and exchangeable sodium (p<0.01) and silt content (p<0.01) in Rootzone. We concluded that daily solar radiation is the most influential climatic parameter on soil properties due to the transport of heat in soils, whereas particle size distribution is mostly influenced by climatic parameters due to their clay and silt fractions. OPP in ASSs under these climates should include management of water usage by using raised beds with irrigation canals, considering the rooting depth and depth of acidic horizon before applying fertilizer or amendment and liming along with integrated organic material management to raise soil pH.

The Removal of Excreted Bacteria and Viruses in Deep Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northeast Brazil

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Oragui ◽  
T. P. Curtis ◽  
S. A. Silva ◽  
D. D. Mara
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Pathogen Removal ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

The removal of excreted bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, salmonellae and thermophilic campylobacters) and viruses (enterovirus and rotavirus) in a series of deep anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds (depth range: 2.8 - 3.4 m), with an overall retention time of 21 days and a mean mid-depth temperature of 27°C, was studied. Thermophilic campylobacters, bifidobacteria and salmonellae were not detected after 11, 16 and 21 days' retention respectively. Faecal coliforms, faecal streptcocci and Cl. perfringens were reduced by 4, 4 and 2 orders of magnitude respectively, and enteroviruses and rotaviruses both by 3 orders. The results indicate that pathogen removal in deep ponds is similar to that in ponds of normal depth.

Distinct impact of different types of aerosols on surface solar radiation in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (11) ◽  
pp. 6459-6471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Chuanfeng Zhao ◽  
Lijing Zhou ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Xiaohong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Different Types

scholarly journals Can climate help fighting COVID-19 trauma? A case study of Maricopa County, Arizona, USA

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
Spearman Correlation Test ◽  
Maximum Minimum

Introduction: Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, the disease has spread rapidly throughout the world and became a traumatic stressor. Identification of the factors affecting the spread of the disease makes it possible to prevent its further propagation and save more people in similar situations. Environmental and climatic parameters are among the factors affecting the prevalence of diseases. Determination of environmental effects on Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) prevalence can help develop policies to suppress the spread. Methods: This study investigated the effect of climatic parameters on the spread of COVID-19 disease in County Maricopa from March 11, 2020, to November 30, 2020. These parameters include maximum, minimum, and mean daily temperature as well as maximum, minimum, and mean daily humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and Air Quality Index (AQI) of particulate matter10 (PM10), PM2.5, and O3. A Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of variables and the Spearman correlation test was used to determine the correlation between parameters and daily COVID-19 cases. A simple linear regression was applied on parameters that had significant Spearman’sranked correlation with the daily COVID-19 cases to determine their contribution to the pandemic. Results: The present study showed that the maximum, minimum, and mean temperature parameters and PM10 and PM2.5 particles had a positive and significant correlation (P<0.01) with the prevalence of COVID-19 disease. The effect of PM10 particles was higher than the other parameters (0.488, P<0.01). The parameters of maximum, minimum, and mean relative humidity along with solar radiation and O3 AQI had a significant and negative correlation with the development of COVID-19 disease (P<0.01). The effect of maximum humidity was higher than that of the other parameters (-0.364, P<0.01). A linear regression test showed that O3 (β=-15.16, P<0.001) and Tmean (β=18.47, P<0.01) significantly predicted daily COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: It can be concluded that climatic parameters can affect the COVID-19 pandemic and should be addressed.

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