Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Catchment Area of Neusiedlersee/Fertö, Austria/Hungary

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. v. d. Emde ◽  
H. Fleckseder ◽  
N. Matsché ◽  
F. Plahl-Wabnegg ◽  
G. Spatzierer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The One

Neusiedlersee (in German) / Fertö tó (in Hungarian) is a shallow lake at the Austro-Hungarian border. In the late 1970s, the question arose what to do in order to protect the lake against eutrophication. A preliminary report established the need for point-source control as well as gave first estimates for non-point source inputs. The proposed point-source control was quickly implemented, non-point sources were - among other topics - studied in detail in the period 1982 - 1986. The preliminary work had shown, based on integrated sampling and data from literature, that the aeolic input outweighed the one via water erosion (work was for totP only). In contrast to this, the 1982 - 1986 study showed that (a) water erosion by far dominates over aeolic inputs and (b) the size of nonpoint-source inputs was assessed for the largest catchment area in pronounced detail, whereas additional estimates were undertaken for smaller additional catchment areas. The methods as well as the results are presented in the following. The paper concludes with some remarks on the present management practice of nonpoint-source inputs.

scholarly journals Spring Waters as an Indicator for Non-Point-Source Nitrate Pollution of Rural Watercourses – Findings from Two Decades of Spring Monitoring in the Low Mountain Landscape of Saarland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gero Weber ◽  
Jochen Kubiniok
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Marine Ecology ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Catchment Areas

Abstract Background:Interflow-dominated spring waters provide a comprehensive picture of emissions with nitrate and other pollutants caused by the type and intensity of land use in the topographic catchment area. One aim of this study was to develop a model for predicting the share of nitrate pollution from non-point sources based on the type of agricultural use in the catchment areas of small and medium-sized watercourses. Methods:Fifty-five springs in Saarland and the adjacent Rhineland-Palatinate were monitored for pollutants during three monitoring periods of at least twelve months duration between 2000 and 2019. The catchment areas are representative of the natural regions in the study area and are outside the influence of settlements and other developments. In addition to nitrate and other physicochemical parameters, 25 agriculturally impacted springs were screened for pesticides and their metabolites.Results:Since the first measurements were taken in 2000, the vast majority of agriculturally impacted springs have consistently exhibited high nitrate concentrations of between 20 and 40 mg/L NO3-. Springs not influenced by agriculture contain an average of 3.6 mg/L of nitrate. The extreme values observed in the early 2000s decreased to the limit value of 50 mg/L, but most of the springs with moderate levels exhibited an increase to approximately 30 mg/L. The number of pesticidal agents detected in the spring waters demonstrates a clear correlation with the intensity of agricultural usage and the nitrate content detected. A regression model derived from the highly significant correlation between nitrate content and the share of cropland in the catchment area can be used to quantify the share of nitrate pollution attributable to non-point-source inputs for larger catchments in the region under investigation.Conclusion:Nitrate discharged from farmland has not decreased since the EC WFD entered into force. At the extremely heavily polluted sites of the past, measures have been implemented in the meantime that have led to compliance with the limit value of the Nitrate Directive. As below this limit, nitrate levels are increasing significantly, we suggest to incorporate the marine ecology target as a binding mark for official water pollution control in the future.

The effect of catchment area management on biogenic element concentrations in the water of small ponds

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula Szyperek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Biogenic Element ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Area Management

The effect of catchment area management on biogenic element concentrations in the water of small pondsThe aim of this study, conducted during the 1997-2001 period in the Olsztyn Lakeland, was to determine the effect of soil type and land use in the catchment areas of small ponds, on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, as well as calcium and potassium, in water. The concentrations of all the nutrients (except for nitrite ions) in the water of small ponds were found to be significantly correlated with the soil type dominating in the catchment area. The domination of loamy sands in the catchment areas of small ponds caused an increase in the concentrations of nitrates, phosphorus and potassium, while the domination of light silty loam caused an increase the calcium content of the water. The highest and lowest concentrations of phosphorus compounds and potassium were recorded in water from small ponds located in agricultural (arable land - AL, fallow - FA) and afforested catchments, respectively.

Is Water-harvesting in Valley Floors a Viable Option for Increasing Cereal Production in Highland Balochistan, Pakistan?

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rodríguez ◽  
N. A. Shah ◽  
M. Afzal ◽  
U. Mustafa ◽  
I. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Water Catchment

SUMMARYPreparation of small catchment areas on rainfed valley floor soils in highland Balochistan, Pakistan, is a low-cost method of generating run-off and increasing crop yields within the cropped areas. The effect of different proportions of water catchment area to cropped area were investigated by comparing a control treatment with the entire area planted to the crop (traditional rainfed agriculture); a 1:1 treatment, with one half of the area used for water catchment and one half for planting; and a 2:1 treatment, with two thirds of the area used for water catchment and one third for planting. Results from six seasons of trials using wheat (Triticum aestivum) showed that the 1:1 treatment had 23% higher net benefits than the control, with a 19% reduction in the coefficient of variation. The 2:1 treatment had 29% lower net benefits than the control and reduced the variation in net benefits by 8%. By contrast, four seasons of trials using barley (Hordeum vulgare) showed that the l: l treatment yielded 25% lower net benefits than the control but increased by 4% the variation in net benefits. Treatment 2:1 had 36% lower net benefits than the control and 18% more variation. Even though the gross revenue from wheat under the 1:1 treatment was less than that from the control, the reduction in total costs in the 1:1 treatment resulted in larger net benefits than the control. Water-harvesting in the valley floors is not a net yield-increasing technology. Land suitable for cultivation is limited and the increases in yields in the cropped area resulting from water-harvesting are offset by the opportunity costs of the catchment area. However, wheat grown in a 1:1 ratio of cropped to catchment area can increase farmers' income and decrease its variation. For barley, farmers are better off using their traditional management practice than giving up part of their cropped area to create water catchments.

scholarly journals Influence of forest cutting down on runoff and nutrient removal from forest catchment of Karelia (according to mathematical modeling)

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
S.A. Kondratyev ◽  
Yu.V. Karpechko ◽  
M.V. Shmakova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Lake Onega ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Forest Catchment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Forest Cutting

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of forestry activities on the runoff and nutrient removal from the forest catchments of Karelia using mathematical modeling. The catchment area of the Big Velmuksa river in Karelia with an area of about 139 km2 has been chosen as a research object. It is a part of the catchment of the Vodla river - one of the largest tributaries of Lake Onega. Almost the entire catchment area of the Big Velmuksa river is forested (94%). The main direction of economic activity in the forest catchment areas in Karelia, including the Big Velmuksa catchment, is cutting down and growing new forest. In this study a simple model of runoff and nutrient removal from the forest catchment has been proposed. The purpose of this model is to describe the dynamics of the studied processes both during the natural development of the forest and in the process of reforestation after cutting down. It is shown that when forestry activities are carried out in accordance with forestry regulations rules, significant changes in runoff and nutrient removal are not recorded. The obtained result is explained by the fact that the volume of cutting down is approximately equal to the volume of growth, the level of variation in runoff and removal of chemicals depending insignificantly on human forestry activities. In addition, a simulation of the effects of hypothetical cutting down of 50 and 100% of the forest area on an experimental catchment has been carried out, allowing to assess the interval of possible extreme changes in runoff and nutrient removal. The results show the increase in runoff from the catchment to be 48 mm / year and the decrease in nutrient removal - 14.3 tN / year and 0.35 tP / year after 100% deforestation. Subsequent reforestation and the associated increase in nitrogen and phosphorus removal will continue for about 80 years

Study of the distribution of non-point source pollution in the watershed of the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Wang ◽  
T. Li ◽  
Q. Xu ◽  
W. He
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Miyun Reservoir ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Study Region

Nitrogen and phosphorus are major nutrients to cause eutrophication to degrade the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir, a very important drinking water source of Beijing in China. These are mainly from non-point sources. The watershed in Miyun County is selected as the study region with a total area of 1400 km2. Four typical monitoring catchments and two experimental units were used to monitor the precipitation, runoff, sediment yield and pollutant loading related to various land uses in the meantime. The results show that the total nutrient loss amount of TN and TP is 898.07 t/a, and 40.70 t/a, respectively, in which nutrient N and P carried by runoff is 91.3% and 77.3%, respectively. There is relatively heavier soil erosion at the northern mountain area whereas the main nutrient loss occurs near the northeast rim of the reservoir. Different land uses influence the loss of non-point source pollutants. The amount of nutrient loss from agricultural land per unit is the highest, nutrient loss from forestry is the second highest and that from grassland is the lowest. However, due to the variability of land use areas, agricultural land contributes the greatest amount of TP and forestry lands the greatest amount of TN.

Estimation of diffuse and point source microbial pollution in the Ribble catchment discharging to bathing waters in the north west of England

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wither ◽  
J. Greaves ◽  
I. Dunhill ◽  
M. Wyer ◽  
C. Stapleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
North West ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The North ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Bathing Waters

Achieving compliance with the mandatory standards of the 1976 Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC) is required at all UK identified bathing waters. In recent years, the Fylde coast has been an area of significant investments in ‘point source’ control, which have not proven, in isolation, to satisfactorily achieve compliance with the mandatory, let alone the guide, levels of water quality in the Directive. The potential impact of riverine sources of pollution was first confirmed after a study in 1997. The completion of sewerage system enhancements offered the potential for the study of faecal indicator delivery from upstream sources comprising both point sources and diffuse agricultural sources. A research project to define these elements commenced in 2001. Initially, a desk study reported here, estimated the principal infrastructure contributions within the Ribble catchment. A second phase of this investigation has involved acquisition of empirical water quality and hydrological data from the catchment during the 2002 bathing season. These data have been used further to calibrate the ‘budgets’ and ‘delivery’ modelling and these data are still being analysed. This paper reports the initial desk study approach to faecal indicator budget estimation using available data from the sewerage infrastructure and catchment sources of faecal indicators.

Using a GIS transfer model to evaluate pollutant loads in the Lake Kinneret watershed, Israel

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Markel ◽  
F. Somma ◽  
B.M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Lake Kinneret ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus

Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) is the only large surface water body in Israel, encompassing an area of 167 km2 and supplying some 30% of the country's fresh water. Pollution from anthropogenic sources and water abstraction for domestic and agricultural uses has long been threatening the water quality of the lake. Point-source pollution in the watershed has decreased drastically with the development of wastewater treatment. However, diffuse pollution from agricultural activities is still an unresolved issue. In this paper we present an application of AVGWLF (a GIS-based watershed load model) to the Lake Kinneret watershed. The model allows one to simulate daily stream flows and monthly sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads discharged to the lake from the surrounding watershed. Results from simulations yield a satisfactory correspondence between simulated and measured daily water volume. Partition by source of total phosphorus delivered to the lake in the period of 2000–04 confirms the reduction in point source nutrient contribution due to improvement of wastewater treatment facilities in the area. Future management should focus on reduction of nutrients originating from septic systems (point sources) and pasture and cropland areas (diffuse sources). Results from simulations will enable watershed managers to prioritize effective management alternatives for protecting the water quality in the lake.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Different Types of Sources on the Performance of Rigid Noise Barriers on Rigid Ground Using Analytical Formulae, a 2.5-D BEM Method and Scale Modelling Tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-999
Author(s):  
Qiutong Li ◽  
Denis Duhamel ◽  
Honore Yin ◽  
Yanyun Luo
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Line Source ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
Scale Modelling ◽  
Single Number ◽  
The One

With the aim of a perfect source model to simulate railway traffic noise within a shorter computational time, this paper compares coherent line, incoherent point and incoherent line sources on the performance of barriers by using an analytical solution, a 2.5-D BEM method and scale modelling tests. The comparison between the analytical solutions and the 2.5-D BEM prediction results shows that the BEM calculations for a coherent line source can be used to approximately show the barrier attenuation spectrum for a one-point source and the single-number rating for an incoherent line source when the barrier is straight on the ground. Then, validations with scale modelling tests were performed outdoors under controlled conditions. The results obtained by using several loudspeakers radiating incoherent sounds simultaneously show good agreement with the 2.5-D BEM prediction results for the one-point source and incoherent point sources, not only for a simple barrier on the ground but also for a double-straight barrier on a viaduct. Based on these agreements, the frequency and longitudinal distance dependences on the barrier attenuation for incoherent point sources are discussed to understand the barrier attenuation spectrum for the incoherent line source.

scholarly journals The influence of water erosion processes on sediment and nutriet transport from a small agricultural catchment area

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Pavlík ◽  
Miroslav Dumbrovský ◽  
Jana Podhrázská ◽  
Jana Konečná
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Nutrient Transport ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Influence Of Water

Erosion processes in catchment areas cause serious ecologic and economic problems because of their negative consequences in terms of soil and water deterioration as well as for the environment as a whole. The soil particles washed down by water erosion are the biggest pollution factor due to their amount and volume. Sediments are the product of a selective process in which smaller and lighter particles are separated from eroded soil and taken away by water first. This means that the sediments contain a higher amount of organic, clay, and silt particles than the the original soils. Washed down sediments consist mainly of particles smaller than 0.05 mm (40–90% of the mixture). Other studies in the Czech Republic have focused on the assessment of soil erosion, based upon principles and parameters defined in the Universal Soil Loss Equation, but none of them has dealt with nutrient transport assessment as a consequence of water erosion. This paper presents a summary concerning the nutrient content in erosion sediment in a selected catchment area. Research work was conducted to identify and quantify the sediment load associated with nutrient transport especially from arable land on different soil types.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF THE WATER QUALITY IN THE SŁUPIA RIVER (POLAND)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Anna Jarosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Major Nutrient ◽  
Phosphorus Form ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
The One

The objective of this paper was to present the water quality changes of the one of Polish rivers - Słupia River, located in the Pomeranian Region. The Słupia River receives pollutants derived from non-point and point sources of pollution. This is due to the agricultural and forested character of the river’s basin and the location of the towns of Słupsk and Ustka on the river. The elaboration covers the period from 1988 to 2007 and is based on hydrological data, completed as a part of surface water monitoring programme run by the Inspectorate for Environment Protection and the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. The changes of physicochemical properties of Słupia River i.e. phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, BOD5, and amounts of heavy metals were studied. Presented data, showed that the Słupia River has responded to a major nutrient loading reduction. The current concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus form in river allows qualifying the water to first quality class.

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