scholarly journals Spring Waters as an Indicator for Non-Point-Source Nitrate Pollution of Rural Watercourses – Findings from Two Decades of Spring Monitoring in the Low Mountain Landscape of Saarland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gero Weber ◽  
Jochen Kubiniok
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Marine Ecology ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Catchment Areas

Abstract Background:Interflow-dominated spring waters provide a comprehensive picture of emissions with nitrate and other pollutants caused by the type and intensity of land use in the topographic catchment area. One aim of this study was to develop a model for predicting the share of nitrate pollution from non-point sources based on the type of agricultural use in the catchment areas of small and medium-sized watercourses. Methods:Fifty-five springs in Saarland and the adjacent Rhineland-Palatinate were monitored for pollutants during three monitoring periods of at least twelve months duration between 2000 and 2019. The catchment areas are representative of the natural regions in the study area and are outside the influence of settlements and other developments. In addition to nitrate and other physicochemical parameters, 25 agriculturally impacted springs were screened for pesticides and their metabolites.Results:Since the first measurements were taken in 2000, the vast majority of agriculturally impacted springs have consistently exhibited high nitrate concentrations of between 20 and 40 mg/L NO3-. Springs not influenced by agriculture contain an average of 3.6 mg/L of nitrate. The extreme values observed in the early 2000s decreased to the limit value of 50 mg/L, but most of the springs with moderate levels exhibited an increase to approximately 30 mg/L. The number of pesticidal agents detected in the spring waters demonstrates a clear correlation with the intensity of agricultural usage and the nitrate content detected. A regression model derived from the highly significant correlation between nitrate content and the share of cropland in the catchment area can be used to quantify the share of nitrate pollution attributable to non-point-source inputs for larger catchments in the region under investigation.Conclusion:Nitrate discharged from farmland has not decreased since the EC WFD entered into force. At the extremely heavily polluted sites of the past, measures have been implemented in the meantime that have led to compliance with the limit value of the Nitrate Directive. As below this limit, nitrate levels are increasing significantly, we suggest to incorporate the marine ecology target as a binding mark for official water pollution control in the future.

Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Catchment Area of Neusiedlersee/Fertö, Austria/Hungary

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. v. d. Emde ◽  
H. Fleckseder ◽  
N. Matsché ◽  
F. Plahl-Wabnegg ◽  
G. Spatzierer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The One

Neusiedlersee (in German) / Fertö tó (in Hungarian) is a shallow lake at the Austro-Hungarian border. In the late 1970s, the question arose what to do in order to protect the lake against eutrophication. A preliminary report established the need for point-source control as well as gave first estimates for non-point source inputs. The proposed point-source control was quickly implemented, non-point sources were - among other topics - studied in detail in the period 1982 - 1986. The preliminary work had shown, based on integrated sampling and data from literature, that the aeolic input outweighed the one via water erosion (work was for totP only). In contrast to this, the 1982 - 1986 study showed that (a) water erosion by far dominates over aeolic inputs and (b) the size of nonpoint-source inputs was assessed for the largest catchment area in pronounced detail, whereas additional estimates were undertaken for smaller additional catchment areas. The methods as well as the results are presented in the following. The paper concludes with some remarks on the present management practice of nonpoint-source inputs.

scholarly journals Brief communication "Determination of urban growth in catchment areas in Cyprus using multi-temporal remotely sensed data: risk assessment study"

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2235-2240 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Hadjimitsis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Multi Temporal

Abstract. The aim of this study is to quantify the actual urbanization activity near the catchment area in the urban area of interest located in the vicinity of the Agriokalamin River area of Kissonerga Village in Paphos District. Remotely sensed data such as aerial photos, Landsat-5/7 TM/ETM+ and Quickbird image data have been used to track the urbanization activity from 1963 to 2008. In-situ GPS measurements have been used to locate in-situ the boundaries of the catchment area. The results clearly illustrate that tremendous urban development has taken place ranging from 0.9 to 33% from 1963 to 2008, respectively. A flood risk assessment and hydraulic analysis were also performed.

Water quality modeling in the watershed-based approach for waste load allocations

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruochuan Gu ◽  
Mei Dong
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Water Quality Modeling ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Water Quality Control ◽  
Quality Modeling ◽  
Waste Load

The conventional method for waste load allocations (WLA) employs spatial-differentiation, considering individual point sources, and temporal-integration, using a constant flow, typically 7Q10 low flow. This paper presents a watershed-based seasonal management approach, in which non-point source as well as point sources are incorporated, seasonal design flows are used for water quality analysis, and WLA are performend in a watershed scale. The strategy for surface water quality modeling in the watershed-based approach is described. The concept of seasonal discharge management is discussed and suggested for the watershed-based approach. A case study using the method for the Des Moines River, Iowa, USA is conducted. Modeling considerations and procedure are presented. The significance of non-point source pollutant load and its impact on water quality of the river is evaluated by analyzing field data. A water quality model is selected and validated against field measurements. The model is applied to projections of future water quality situations under different watershed management and water quality control scenarios with respect to river flow and pollutant loading rate.

The effects of intensive rainfalls (flash floods) on the development on the landforms in the Kőszeg Mountains (Hungary)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Márton Veress ◽  
István Németh ◽  
Roland Schläffer
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
High Density ◽  
Alluvial Fans ◽  
Channel Changes ◽  
Great Thickness ◽  
Superficial Deposit ◽  
Catchment Areas

AbstractThe effects of the intensive rainfall episodes in the years 2009 and 2010 in the Kőszeg Mountains were investigated. Channel profiles were constructed at various times during these periods, which were used to describe the channel changes. We measured the length of the incised and filled sections on multiple occasions. We could establish the degree and the direction of the changes using this data. The sediment veneer that developed in the area of Kőszeg town was mapped and its conditions of development were examined. The erosion and accumulation landforms developed during these years were classified and described. These forms are the following: rills, gullies, alluvial fans and sediment veneer. We distinguished and characterised those which had previously formed, but they were changed or increased (the channels). We established the conditions under which the sediment veneer can develop, furthermore those conditions which can increase the chance of the formation of this landform. These conditions are the following: the high density of roads in the catchment areas of valleys leading to settlements, the great thickness of superficial deposit, and the steep slope of the surface of the catchment area. We created theoretical classification of the morphological environment where the development of sediment veneer may happen and identified settlements with structures which promote or prevent the development of the sediment veneer. We determined the probability of the development of the sediment veneer at some settlements in Kőszeg, and suggestions have been given to decrease the chance of the development of this sediment veneer.

Changes in isotope ratios during domestic wastewater production

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P.S. Schilperoort ◽  
H.A.J. Meijer ◽  
C.M.L. Flamink ◽  
F.H.L.R. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Isotope Method ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Large Heterogeneity

This paper presents considerations for the application of the natural water isotope method on catchment areas. For the estimation of the amount of infiltration and inflow in sewer systems the paper shows two applications in the Netherlands: one successful application on a relatively small catchment area with a simple geo-hydrological groundwater system and one unsuccessful application in an area that shows a large heterogeneity of δ18O values in groundwater. Also, the paper focuses on the validity of the assumption that the isotopic ratios of drinking water are equal to those of strict domestic wastewater. In the transition from drinking water to strict wastewater it is shown that changes in isotopic composition of the water due to evaporation in common household appliances and effects inside the human body are insignificant. However, the presence of high-efficiency condensing boilers in an area can significantly influence the δ18O value of strict wastewater, especially in winter months. This effect should be taken into account when applying the isotope method in such areas.

scholarly journals Presence of Pathogens and Indicator Microbes at a Non-Point Source Subtropical Recreational Marine Beach

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir M. Abdelzaher ◽  
Mary E. Wright ◽  
Cristina Ortega ◽  
Helena M. Solo-Gabriele ◽  
Gary Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
High Tide ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Solar Insolation ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Water Detection

ABSTRACT Swimming in ocean water, including ocean water at beaches not impacted by known point sources of pollution, is an increasing health concern. This study was an initial evaluation of the presence of indicator microbes and pathogens and the association among the indicator microbes, pathogens, and environmental conditions at a subtropical, recreational marine beach in south Florida impacted by non-point sources of pollution. Twelve water and eight sand samples were collected during four sampling events at high or low tide under elevated or reduced solar insolation conditions. The analyses performed included analyses of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens), human-associated microbial source tracking (MST) markers (human polyomaviruses [HPyVs] and Enterococcus faecium esp gene), and pathogens (Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus, enterovirus, norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp.). The enterococcus concentrations in water and sand determined by quantitative PCR were greater than the concentrations determined by membrane filtration measurement. The FIB concentrations in water were below the recreational water quality standards for three of the four sampling events, when pathogens and MST markers were also generally undetectable. The FIB levels exceeded regulatory guidelines during one event, and this was accompanied by detection of HPyVs and pathogens, including detection of the autochthonous bacterium V. vulnificus in sand and water, detection of the allochthonous protozoans Giardia spp. in water, and detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in sand samples. The elevated microbial levels were detected at high tide and under low-solar-insolation conditions. Additional sampling should be conducted to further explore the relationships between tidal and solar insolation conditions and between indicator microbes and pathogens in subtropical recreational marine waters impacted by non-point source pollution.

scholarly journals On the point-source approximation of earthquake dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bizzarri
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Seismic Source ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Multiple Point ◽  
Earthquake Dynamics ◽  
Planar Fault ◽  
Source Models

<p>The focus on the present study is on the point-source approximation of a seismic source. First, we compare the synthetic motions on the free surface resulting from different analytical evolutions of the seismic source (the Gabor signal (G), the Bouchon ramp (B), the Cotton and Campillo ramp (CC), the Yoffe function (Y) and the Liu and Archuleta function (LA)). Our numerical experiments indicate that the CC and the Y functions produce synthetics with larger oscillations and correspondingly they have a higher frequency content. Moreover, the CC and the Y functions tend to produce higher peaks in the ground velocity (roughly of a factor of two). We have also found that the falloff at high frequencies is quite different: it roughly follows ω<span><sup>−2</sup></span> in the case of G and LA functions, it decays more faster than ω<span><sup>−2</sup></span> for the B function, while it is slow than ω<span><sup>−1</sup></span> for both the CC and the Y solutions. Then we perform a comparison of seismic waves resulting from 3-D extended ruptures (both supershear and subshear) obeying to different governing laws against those from a single point-source having the same features. It is shown that the point-source models tend to overestimate the ground motions and that they completely miss the Mach fronts emerging from the supershear transition process. When we compare the extended fault solutions against a multiple point-sources model the agreement becomes more significant, although relevant discrepancies still persist. Our results confirm that, and more importantly quantify how, the point-source approximation is unable to adequately describe the radiation emitted during a real world earthquake, even in the most idealized case of planar fault with homogeneous properties and embedded in a homogeneous, perfectly elastic medium.</p>

scholarly journals The role of catastrophic floods in shaping the morphology of river beds in small mountain catchment areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Paweł Franczak
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Mountain Catchment ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Transported Material

Abstract Mountain streams are subjected to the continuous reshaping of their river beds during floods, with the greatest changes occurring during extreme floods caused by sudden and heavy rainfall. River bed transformations during these flash floods are more severe in forested areas, where wooden logs carried by swollen streams are more likely to be deposited on the ground, which in turn leads to the greater accumulation of other transported material and debris. The study was conducted in the Rybny Potok catchment area (Babia Góra National Park). An extreme flash flood occurred on 15–16 May 2014 because of heavy rainfall, which, on 15 May amounted to 138 mm. The total amount of precipitation in the catchment area was 216.5 mm in three days. This resulted in sudden and full streams in spate, contributing to significant geomorphological transformations reaching all the way to the bottom of the river beds. During the flash flood, already established river beds and streams increased in size and many new river courses were formed.

scholarly journals Part 2: Odor-Cued Grab Sampling of Transient Environmental Odor Events; Mapping the 'Rolling Unmasking Effect' of Downwind Odor Dispersion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Wright ◽  
Jacek Koziel ◽  
David Parker ◽  
Anna Iwasinska
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Transient Event ◽  
Animal Feeding Operation ◽  
Straight Line

Downwind odor characteristics can be very different depending upon the size of the upwind point-source, interim topography, and wind conditions. At one extreme, the downwind odor plume from a relatively large, confined animal feeding operation (CAFO), located on a flat open plain and under stable, near-straight-line wind conditions can be rather broad, sustained and predictable relative to a fixed receptor site downwind. In contrast, the plume from a small point-source (e.g., a roof vent stack) located on irregular topography and under rapidly shifting wind conditions can be intermittent and fleeting. These transient odor events can be surprisingly intense and offensive, in spite of their fleeting occurrence and perception. This work reports on efforts to optimize an environmental odor sampling strategy, which is optimized for the challenges of (1) sampling of such transient odor 'spikes' and (2) the prioritization of odors/odorants from multiple, closely co-located point-sources, under such transient event conditions. Protocol refinement has emerged by way of 2 environmental odor assessment projects which have been undertaken on behalf of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. The challenge of transient odor events has been mitigated utilizing rapid, odor cued whole-air grab capture sampling into metalized-FEP gas sampling bags, followed by immediate adsorption transfer onto SPME fibers or sorbent tubes for stabilization during the shipment and storage interval between collection and final analysis. Initial results demonstrated approximately 11 fold increases in target odorant yields for 900 mL sorbent tube transfers from 2-3 second 'burst' odor event bag-captures, as compared to equivalent direct collections at the same downwind receptor location but during perceived (stable) odor 'lull' periods. Results-to-date targeting refinement and field trials of this integrated environmental odor assessment strategy are presented. Preliminary application targeting general odor sampling and point-source differentiation utilizing tracer gases is also presented.

scholarly journals Catchment areas: A model for the future or a relic of the past?

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 340-342
Author(s):  
John M. Kellett
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Geriatric Medicine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Restrictive Practice ◽  
Primary Care Teams ◽  
Specialist Services ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The Future

The shift of power from specialist services to the primary care teams has forced the former to examine the value of their hallowed traditions. In psychiatry, and geriatric medicine, the catchment area is a favoured restrictive practice, enabling demand to be regulated to suit the resources of each team. It is time to decide whether this is a practice to be defended and retained or whether, like many other restrictive practices, it is harmful to the consumer.

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