Cholinesterase Enzymatic Profiles and the Exposure of Fish to Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides in Israel

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 465-472
Author(s):  
A. Yawetz ◽  
R. Manelis ◽  
A. Gasith
Keyword(s):  
Ache Activity ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Biochemical Method ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Residue Detection ◽  
Illegal Fishing ◽  
Brain Ache ◽  
Post Mortem Brain ◽  
Brain Ache Activity ◽  
The Brain

In the tilapia as well as in the carp, gill acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was more sensitive than brain AChE to organophosphorous (OP) and carbamate (CB) compounds, and the threshold levels for residue detection by the biochemical method were lower in the gills, compared to the brain. The sensitivity of tilapia gill AChE to paraoxon was extremely high, and enabled detection of paraoxon residues in the gills at the ppb level. The carp showed higher resistance than the tilapia for poisoning by both the OP compound parathion and the carbamate methomyl. The residual post-mortem brain and gill AChE activities from tilapia killed by either parathion or methomyl poisoning were low, and could easily be differentiated from brain AChE activity in the control ish, which remained normal until 18 hours after death, providing that fish were held at temperature up to 10°C. Detection of poisoning with OP and CB compounds, in fish that are being marketed, is of extreme importance, especially in Lake Kinneret, where illegal fishing with insecticides occurs occasionally.

Post-Mortem Diagnosis of Hypoxia by Means of Brain Lactic Acid Concentration

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald D. Van Fossan ◽  
Robert T. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Postmortem Brain ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Lactic Acid Concentration ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
Post Mortem Brain ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Brain

Simulated altitude exposure elevates the postmortem brain lactic acid concentration up to 98 mg/100 gm above controls depending on species used, duration, and intensity of exposure. The sharp difference in post-mortem brain lactic acid concentration between altitude exposed animals and controls remains demonstrable for the longest postmortem intervals studied (20 hr. in the dog, 30 hr. in the rabbit, and 6 hr. in the rat). Upon recovery from altitude exposure the brain lactic acid and/or precursors return toward pre-exposure levels in accordance with first order reaction kinetics during the first few minutes. The velocity constant is .32 and the half-life is 2.2 minutes. Elevated post-mortem brain lactic acid concentration is a constant finding in animals which were hypoxic at the time of death and appears to be a suitable criterion for establishing ante-mortem altitude exposure or other physiologically similar oxygen deficiency situations.

scholarly journals Abundance of Nef and p-Tau217 in brains of individuals diagnosed with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders correlate with disease severance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Pushkarsky ◽  
Adam I Ward ◽  
Dmitri Sviridov ◽  
Michael Ilya Bukrinsky
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Lipid Rafts ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Post Mortem Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) is a term used to describe a variety of neurological impairments observed in HIV-infected individuals. The pathogenic mechanisms of HAND and of its connection to HIV infection remain unknown. Previous studies suggested that HIV-1 Nef may contribute to HAND by impairing cholesterol metabolism, increasing abundance of lipid rafts and affecting their functionality. Our comparative analysis of post-mortem brain samples demonstrated a trend towards decreased abundance of cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in samples from HIV-infected ART-treated individuals relative to samples from uninfected controls, and a reverse correlation between ABCA1 and flotillin 1, a marker for lipid rafts, in all analyzed samples. The brain samples from HIV-infected individuals, both with and without HAND, were characterized by increased abundance of p-Tau217 peptide, which correlated with the abundance of flotillin 1. HIV-1 Nef was detected in some, but not all, samples from HAND-affected individuals. Samples positive for Nef had lower abundance of ABCA1, higher abundance of flotillin 1 and p-Tau217, and were obtained from individuals with higher severity of HAND relative to Nef-negative samples. These results highlight the contribution of Nef and Nef-dependent impairment of cholesterol metabolism to the pathogenesis of HAND and support a connection between pathogenesis of HAND and Alzheimer disease.

Effect of ethanol administration on brain and liver enzyme activities

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Kinard ◽  
M. G. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Ethanol Administration ◽  
Brain Ache ◽  
Brain Ache Activity ◽  
Tolerance To Ethanol ◽  
Oxidation Of Ethanol ◽  
Development Of Tolerance

Rats receiving daily administrations of ethanol for 10–12 weeks became demonstrably resistant to intoxicating effects of the alcohol by the 9th week. The increased resistance to the effects of alcohol was not accompanied by increased oxidation of alcohol in the intact animal or by increased oxidation of ethanol in liver homogenate. Brain AChE activity is reduced to a statistically demonstrable but functionally insignificant degree by administration of alcohol whether the rat is receiving its first dose or whether it has become tolerant to the intoxicating effects of alcohol. The development of tolerance to ethanol appears to be unrelated to the rate of oxidation of alcohol in either the intact animal or in liver tissue and does not appear related to changes in brain AChE activity.

Validation of [11C]MP4A and [11C]MP4P as tracers for quantifying brain ache activity with PET based on in vivo and in vitro human studies

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S592-S592
Author(s):  
Noriko Tanaka ◽  
Hajime Matsuura ◽  
Hitoshi Shinotoh ◽  
Sigeki Hirano ◽  
Yasukazu Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ache Activity ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Brain Ache ◽  
Brain Ache Activity

scholarly journals Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in layers of rat superior colliculus.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 631-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
C D Ross ◽  
D A Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Chat Activity ◽  
Caudal Region ◽  
Brain Ache ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Brain Ache Activity

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were assayed in samples dissected from sagittal sections through rat superior colliculus. The magnitude of ChAT activity was about half to equal that found in rat whole brain in all layers except stratum griseum intermediale, where the average activity was higher than whole brain. AChE activity was three to four times that found in rat whole brain in superficial layers and about the same as average brain in deeper layers, except in the statum griseum intermediale, where the average activity was about twice whole brain. Rostral-caudal gradients in both ChAT and AChE activities occurred in stratum griseum intermediale, with activities in the caudal region of some animals as high as four times those in the rostral. ChAT activity in samples associated with locations of patches or spots of AChE staining product in stratum griseum intermediale was significantly higher than in samples from "nonpatch" regions. Results are discussed relative to inputs into the colliculus, whose terminations may correlate in location with the distributions of the enzyme activities.

The Effect of Galactose Metabolic Disorders on Rat Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 852-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stylianos Tsakiris ◽  
Kleopatra H. Schulpis
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Classical Galactosemia ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Brain Ache ◽  
Cholinergic Dysfunction ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Acetylcholinesterase

Abstract To evaluate whether in classical galactosemia galactose (Gal), galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) and galactitol (Galtol) affect brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, various concentrations (1-16 mм) of these compounds were preincubated with brain homogenates of suckling rats as well as with pure eel Electroforus electricus AChE at 37 °C for 1 h. Initially, Galtol (up to 2.0 mм) increased (25%) AChE activity which decreased, thereafter, reaching the control value in high Galtol concentrations. Gal-1-P decreased gradually the enzyme activity reaching a plateau (38%), when incubated with 8-16 mM. However, when the usually found 2 mм of Galtol and 2 mм of Gal-1-P. concentrations in galactosemia were added in the incubation mixture simultaneously, brain AChE was stimulated (16%). Galtol or Gal-1-P modulated brain AChE as well as enzyme activity of E.electricus in the same way. Gal, Glucose (Glu) and glucose-1-phosphate (Glu-1-P) had no effect on AChE activity. It is suggested that Galtol as well as Gal-1-P can affect acetylcholine degradation acting directly on AChE molecule. Consequently the direct action of these substances on the enzyme might explain the brain cholinergic dysfunction in untreated galactosemia patients.

XI.—Some Recent Advances in the Study of the Brain as the Implement of Mind

1944 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Richard J. A. Berry
Keyword(s):  
British Association ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Post Mortem Brain ◽  
Standard Mode ◽  
The Brain

Some years ago the British Association for the Advancement of Science standardised the methods for the determination of the measurements of length, breadth, and height of the living head or dead skull, but said nothing about the brain. But to-day we know that these same methods can also be used for the measurement of the post-mortem brain. The advantages of having one common series of measurements for the living head, dried skull, and post-mortem brain, and one standard mode of comparing the results are so obvious as to need no further justification.

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