Evaluation of hydrodynamic characteristics of the Bosphorus regarding the performance of the marine outfall systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Adnan Akyarli ◽  
Yalçin Arisoy
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marine Outfall ◽  
Oceanographic Data ◽  
Layer Flow ◽  
Reliable Design

Considering strong interrelations between hydrodynamic features of the Bosphorus and the tube-tunnel crossing which may affect the performance of marine outfall systems, the Institute of Marine Science and Technology (IMST) conducted a comprehensive meteo-oceanographic data acquisition campaign to collect information both for the reliable design of marine outfall systems and for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the railroad tunnel, on the joint request of the owners of the projects. The main objectives of this paper are to outline the results of the EIA, and also to discuss the newly adopted plan which proposes to divert the sewage collected in the Kadìköy drainage area to Riva, located along the Black Sea. Recent evaluations by the authors on the blocking of lower layer flow, and findings presented on the mixing along the Bosphorus, have been included as scientific evidences in this discussion.

scholarly journals Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Marmara Sea

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. TUGRUL ◽  
T. BESIKTEPE ◽  
I. SALIHOGLU
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Deep Basin ◽  
Layer Flow

Long-term data obtained in the Turkish Strait System (TSS) including the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits, during 1990-2000, have permitted us to calculate seasonal and annual fluxes of water and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate) exchanged between the Aegean and Black Seas through the TSS. Two-layer flow regimes in the TSS introduce the brackish waters of the Black Sea into the Aegean basin of the northeastern Mediterranean throughout the year. A counter flow in the TSS carries the salty Mediterranean water into the Black Sea via the Marmara deep basin. The annual volume influx from the Black Sea to the Marmara upper layer is nearly two-fold the salty water exported from the Marmara to the Black Sea via the Bosphorus underflow. The brackish Black Sea inflow is relatively rich in nitrate and phosphate in winter, decreasing to the lowest levels in late summer and autumn. Biologically labile nutrients of Black Sea origin are utilized in photosynthetic processes in the Marmara Sea and are partly exported to the Marmara lower layer. Eventually, the brackish Black Sea waters reach the Dardanelles Strait, with modified bio-chemical properties. On the other hand, the salty Mediterranean waters with low concentrations of nutrients enter the Marmara deep basin. During threir 6-7 year sojourn in the Marmara basin, the salty waters become enriched in nitrate (DIN) and phosphate (DIP), due to oxidation of planktonic particles sinking from the Marmara surface layer. The annual nutrient inputs from the Black Sea to the Marmara basin were estimated as 8.17x108 moles of DIN and 4.25x107 moles of DIP, which are much less than the importation from the Marmara lower layer via the Bosphorus undercurrent. The salty Aegean water introduces nearly 6.13x108 moles of DIN and 2.79x107 moles of DIP into the Marmara lower layer. The estimated DIP outflux from the Aegean Sea is nearly 2 times less than the importation from the Marmara Sea via the Dardanelles Strait.

SPECIALIZED OCEANOGRAPHIC DATABASE FOR INFORMATION SUPPORT OF THE BLACK SEA COASTAL ZONE STUDY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Khaliulin ◽  
Alexey Khaliulin ◽  
Andrey Ingerov ◽  
Andrey Ingerov ◽  
Elena Zhuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Information Support ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Marine Hydrophysical Institute ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Oceanographic Data

The information resources of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS” (FSBSI MHI) oceanographic data bank (MHI BOD), which contains about 115,000 oceanographic and more than 27,000 hydrochemical stations accomplished in the Black Sea coastal zone, as well as experience accumulated while providing information support of the coastal zone research, main directions of activities, and short-term plans are considered.

Nutrient distribution in the Bosphorus and surrounding areas

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Okuş ◽  
A. Aslan-Yilmaz ◽  
A. Yüksek ◽  
S. Taş ◽  
V. Tüfekçi
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Northwestern Shelf

As part of a five years monitoring project “Water Quality Monitoring of the Strait of Istanbul”, February-December 1999 nutrient dynamics of the Black Sea-the Sea of Marmara transect are studied to evaluate the effect of discharges given by deep disposals. Through a one-year study, upper layer nutrient concentrations were generally under the effect of northwestern-shelf Black Sea originated waters. This effect was strictly observed in July, when the upper layer flow was the thickest. On the other hand, partly in November but especially in December the northwestern-shelf Black Sea originated water flow was a minimum resulting in similar concentrations in both layers. Nutrient fluctuations also affected the chlorophyll a and POC concentrations as parameters of productivity. The nutrient concentrations decreased with the effect of spring bloom and highest chlorophyll a values were detected in November at Strait stations that did not match to the Sea of Marmara values. This fact represents the time-scale difference between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. On the contrary, high nutrient concentrations in the lower layer (especially inorganic phosphate), and therefore low N:P ratios reflect the effect of deep discharge. Vertical mixing caused by meteorological conditions of the shallow station (M3) under the effect of surface discharges resulted in homogenous distribution of nutrients. Nutrient concentrations of the stations affected by deep discharge showed that the two-layer stratification of the system did not permit the discharge mix to the upper layer.

scholarly journals ANALYZING FLOW ENERGY POTENTIAL OF THE BOSPHORUS STRAIT

2018 ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Mehmet Özturk ◽  
Cihan Sahin ◽  
Yalcin Yuksel
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Flow Energy ◽  
Strong Current ◽  
Layered Flow ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Current Energy

Ocean currents represent a potentially notable, currently untapped, reservoir of energy. The regions with strong current velocities such as narrow straits connecting two water bodies exhibit high current energy (power) potential especially where the water depths are relatively shallow (EECA, 2009). The Bosphorus, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, is a typical narrow sea strait that generally exhibits a two-layered flow pattern: the upper layer current flows south towards the Sea of Marmara while the underlying current flows in opposite direction towards the Black Sea (Yüksel et al., 2008). The predominant mechanisms for the upper and lower layer flows are the higher water level of the Black Sea and the denser water of the Sea of Marmara, respectively.

Marine Outfall Applications on the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ozturk ◽  
V. Eroglu ◽  
A. Akkoyunlu
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Environmental Engineering ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Marine Outfall ◽  
Pollution Loads ◽  
Quality Measurements

This paper covers research results and construction techniques applied for marine outfall systems of three medium sized cities located on the coast of the Black Sea. The treatability and design data related to the pre-treatraent and marine outfall system of a large pulp and paper mill on the same coast are presented. The preliminary studies and the development of the design criteria of the related marine outfall systems were carried out by the Department of Environmental Engineering of Istanbul Technical University. The scope of the project included oceanographie, hydrographie, and geotechnical surveys and water quality measurements. A construction method, which is widely applied in Turkey for laying of the glass reinforced pipes(GRP), has been evaluated. Pollution loads originated from the land based sources have been given and their probable environmental impacts in the receiving water body have been discussed.

Benthic community structure of the Bosphorus and surrounding area

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Uysal ◽  
A. Yüksek ◽  
E. Okuş ◽  
N. Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Current System ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Other Hand

Spatial and temporal distribution of benthic communities around the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus) and the effect of lower layer discharge on these communities have been evaluated during studies between FebruaryÐDecember 1999. Mytilus galloprovincialis was the dominant species with fasies at the Black Sea station that is not affected by the strait lower layer current system. On the other hand, another Black Sea station, influenced by the strait lower layer currents, has a similar biota to the strait stations. Species richness and diversity is highest in the strait than other areas. The dominant species is Maera grossimana. However, the station located at the Black Sea exit of the strait has a different biota, and various groups/species appeared to be dominant. Melinna palmata is the dominant species at the Sea of Marmara during the study period. Low dissolved oxygen values of lower layer and soft substratum of sediment resulted in wide distribution of Melinna palmata, adapted to these conditions. The closer stations to the strait in the Sea of Marmara have higher diversity as a result of hydrodynamic processes. On the other hand, coastal stations with low currents and inputs have lower index values, showing the negative effect of discharges and pollution.

Morphology and Pipeline Design Through a Dynamic Landfall Area: The Black Sea Pipeline Case

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chen ◽  
Marco Venturi ◽  
R. Bijker
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pipeline Route ◽  
Long Term Variations

The Blue Stream pipeline project is a gas transportation system for the delivery of processed gas from a gas station in the southern Russia across the Black Sea to Ankara, Turkey. The Turkish landfall of the offshore pipeline in the Black Sea is located near Samsun, see Figure 1 for the pipeline route. One of the main aspects of the design of pipeline through a morphologically dynamic area such as landfall is the required burial depth (Chen et al, 1998, 2001 and Bijker et al 1995). The burial depth is the result of an optimisation between: • safety of the pipeline (which often requires a large burial depth), and • environmental impact and trenching costs (a small burial depth means less dredging and less environmental impact). This paper presents a method of predicting the future extremely low seabed level in a morphologically dynamic landfall area, which is required to determine the burial depth of the pipeline. Both short term and long term coast evolution were assessed to quantify the expected lowest seabed level along the pipeline route in the landfall area during the pipeline lifetime of 50 years. The results were used to determine the required pipeline burial depth. The long term morphological changes originate from long term variations in the morphological system (e.g. river input), gradient in the longshore sediment transport and long term variations in the hydrodynamic conditions. The short-term morphological changes originate from beach profile variations due to cross-shore sediment transport as a result of seasonal and yearly variations in the wave and current conditions. Numerical modelling was applied to compute the longshore and cross-shore sediment transport rates and the resulting coastline evolution and cross-shore profile evolution. The longshore transport model was validated using the available data on the coastline changes in the past 20 years, which was derived from the satellite images. The 50-year lowest seabed level has been determined as the sum of the coastline retreat and the cross-shore evolution in the next 50 years.

Quantitative comparison of the influxes of nutrients and organic carbon into the Sea of Marmara both from anthropogenic sources and from the Black Sea

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suleyman Tugrul ◽  
Colpan Polat
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Golden Horn

The Sea of Marmara, an intercontinental basin with two narrow and shallow straits permitting the exchange of the Mediterranean and Black Sea waters, receives 2.8×104 tons TP (total phosphorus), 2.7×105 tons TN (total nitrogen) and 1.9×106 tons TOC (total organic carbon) per year from the Black Sea inflow, from the lower layer by vertical mixing and from anthropogenic inputs of various origins including riverine discharges. The Black Sea input through the Bosphorus constitutes about 35, 64 and 77 %, respectively, of the total annual loads of TP, TN and TOC entering the Marmara surface waters. Pollution loadings from Istanbul make up a major fraction (40-65%) of the total anthropogenic discharges. The biochemical properties of the productive Marmara upper layer appear to be dominated by the inputs both from its lower layer by vertical mixing and from the Black Sea throughout the year. Pollution discharges from Istanbul have secondary importance for the nutrient and organic carbon pools of the Marmara Sea; however, the land-based chemical pollution has drastically modified the ecosystem of coastal margins and semi-enclosed bays (e.g. Golden Horn, Izmit and Gemlik) where water exchanges with the open sea are limited. Biologically labile nutrients increasingly exported from the Black Sea in the spring-early summer, are compensated by importation from the Marmara Sea through the Bosphorus underflow. The less labile dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon input from the Black Sea appears to reach as far as the Aegean basin of the Northeastern Mediterranean in 4-5 months without contributing to the net production in the Marmara Sea.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation of the cold intermediate water in the Southwestern Black Sea and its interaction with the Sea of Marmara during the period of 1996-1998

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. ALTIOK ◽  
H. YUCE ◽  
B. ALPAR
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Surface Current ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Layer Flow ◽  
June July ◽  
Upper Boundary

Seasonal variations of the cold intermediate water (CIW) in the southwestern Black Sea and its entrance into the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus) within the upper layer flow have been studied by using monthly oceanographic data sets collected in 1996-1998 period. In addition, the advection of the CIW via Strait Of Istanbul to the Sea of Marmara has been investigated.The CIW is a permanent and characteristic water mass of the Black Sea, markedly observed in the northwestern Black Sea. It is transported with the Rim Current along the boundary of the basin. The average temperature of the CIW is about 6o C. The 8oC isotherms defines its upper and lower boundaries. The upper boundary of CIW rises up to the 20 m depth in the shelf and coastal upwelling regions with a thickness of 40 m. On the other hand, the depth of the upper boundary may decrease down to 40 m with a thickness of 120 m in the anticyclonic regions.The CIW, located between 30 and 65m depths, was observed from April to September at the northern approaches of the Strait of Istanbul in the Black Sea. However, the CIW, within the Black Sea's upper layer flow, does not enter into the strait in the beginning (April, May) and at the end (September) of this period. The CIW between 20 and 50m water depths was observed in the northern entrance of the strait in summer (June, July and August) and it was carried into the strait by the southbound surface current. Its temperature increases southwards along the strait, due to the mixing with the warmer surface and bottom layers. This increment ranges between 2 and 4oC depending on the rate of mixing. The physically altered waters enter the Sea of Marmara with temperature of 11-14oC.In the Sea of Marmara, a residual cold intermediate layer (CIL) is observed in summer, it is just placed on top of the halocline. The average temperature of the upper layer increases from spring to autumn. In some months, however, there is a decrement in the average temperature of the upper layer. The altered CIW waters entering the Sea of Marmara may be responsible for this cooling.

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