Bank filtration: a suitable process for the removal of iodinated X-ray contrast media?

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schittko ◽  
A. Putschew ◽  
M. Jekel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Media Concentration

After bank filtration, effluent influenced surface waters are often used as raw drinking water. It is known that high concentrations of iodinated X-ray contrast media are detectable in such surface waters and thus, more knowledge about the behaviour of the contrast media during bank filtration is necessary and the subject of investigations in this study. The adsorbable organic iodine (AOI), four widely used iodinated X-ray contrast media and four possible transformation products were quantified in an influenced lake, five groundwater wells and a drinking water well. Under anoxic conditions the AOI as well as the concentration of the contrast media are decreased by bank filtration, whereby the AOI is decreased by 64% and the contrast media concentration can be reduced up to 95%, depending on the compound. In the raw drinking water the following average concentrations were determined: Iopromid <20 ng/L, Diatrizote 166 ng/L, Iopamidol 166 ng/L and Iohexol 34 ng/L. Instationary conditions during the sampling period indicate that, at least under anoxic conditions, a large part of the contrast media and transformation products, which are still iodinated, may be associated to colloids and/or humic material.

scholarly journals The treatment of hospital wastewater: an appraisal

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Pauwels ◽  
W. Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Special Concern ◽  
Microbial Agents

Hospitals discharge considerable amounts of chemicals and microbial agents in their wastewaters. Problem chemicals present in hospital wastewater belong to different groups, such as antibiotics, X-ray contrast agents, disinfectants and pharmaceuticals. Many of these chemical compounds resist normal wastewater treatment. They end up in surface waters where they can influence the aquatic ecosystem and interfere with the food chain. Humans are particularly exposed by the drinking water, produced from surface water. Microbial agents of special concern are multiresistant microbial strains. The latter are suspected to contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. In this paper, we will discuss the different approaches towards hospital wastewater treatment. The principle of uncoupling hospitals from public sewers warrants in-depth evaluation by technologists and ecotoxicologists as well as public health specialists.

Ozonation and reductive deiodination of iopromide to reduce the environmental burden of iodinated X-ray contrast media

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Putschew ◽  
U. Miehe ◽  
A.S. Tellez ◽  
M. Jekel
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Media ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenation ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
X Ray

The potential of ozonation for the removal of iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) with focus on the oxidation products was examined. Iopromide used as model compound was dissolved in tap water, respectively in the effluent of a membrane bioreactor and was ozonated. Ozone (10 mg/L) was continuously introduced into a semi-batch reactor (35 L/h). After 30 minutes the ozone concentration was increased to 30 mg/L. In all experiments the iopromide concentration decreased very fast, whereas the decrease of the amount of organic bound iodine (AOI) was much lower. The concentration of iodate, the inorganic oxidation product increases with time, depending on the AOI decrease. The data clearly show that the ozonation of iopromide using a common applied ozone dosage leads to the formation of numerous iodinated transformation products, which are detectable by LC-ESI-MS. As an alternative treatment, especially for the treatment of urine or hospital waste water, the source for the contamination, it was tested if iopromide can be deiodinated by zero-valent iron. First experiments done in stirred batch reactors using iopromide dissolved in ultra pure water and urine with an initial pH of 2 showed that iopromide can be deiodinated completely by zero-valent iron. Even in contaminated urine collected in a hospital a deiodination of ICM was possible. Kinetic studies at constant pH showed that the deiodination can be described by pseudo-first order for equal iopromide and iron concentrations. The observed rate constant kobs increased with decreasing pH with a maximum at pH 3 with 4.76 × 10−4 s−1. The concentration of iopromide can be decreased by ozonation and by the reductive dehalogenation. In case of ozonation iodinated organic compounds are the main reaction products, whereas the reductive dehalogenation leads to transformation products which are not iodinated and are thus most probable biodegradable.

Removal of Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Media During Drinking Water Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Seitz ◽  
Jia-Qian Jiang ◽  
Walter H. Weber ◽  
Barry J. Lloyd ◽  
Matthias Maier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Drinking Water Production ◽  
All Treatment ◽  
Granulated Activated Carbon

Environmental Context.In recent years, many micro-organic pollutants, e.g. pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP), have been observed to be persisting through wastewater treatment and occurring in the environment. Persistent micropollutants are of particular concern owing to the fact that some of them have been found in drinking water, and iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are one group of such pollutants. Abstract.The present study investigates the removal of five iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) during drinking water production from surface water at a full-scale water works, which comprises coagulation/flocculation, intermediate ozonation, in-line filtration and adsorption with activated carbon. The elimination rates over all treatment units for the non-ionic ICM (iomeprol, iopromide, iohexol and iopamidol) were determined to be approximately 70%. In particular, intermediate ozonation can remove 30% on average of the non-ionic ICM, whereas it cannot remove the ionic diatrizoic acid, and the granulated activated carbon filters can achieve a further 50% removal of non-ionic ICM. However, over 100 ng L−1 of ionic diatrizoic acid and 40–100 ng L−1 of non-ionic ICM were found in the produced drinking water.

Off-Flavors in Surface Waters - How Efficient is Bank Filtration for their Abatement in Drinking Water?

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Chorus ◽  
G. Klein ◽  
J. Fastner ◽  
W. Rotard
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Seasonal Succession ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Off Flavors

Surface water and bank filtrate were studied from three Berlin lakes of different trophic states, two of which are being restored by phosphate elimination at their main inflow. Surface water showed time patterns of nor-carotinoids, aldehydes, alkanes and octatriene-isomers, which in most cases can clearly be attributed to specific phytoplankton populations. The variety of substances produced by algae was highest in the mesotrophic lake, because as compared to its previous hypertrophic state, restoration has caused an increase in phytoplankton species diversity as well as a more rapid seasonal succession of species. Contrary to expectations, serious odor problems occurred only at this lake, due to Chrysophyceae not found in hypertrophic waters. Therefore it is concluded that further reduction of phosphate concentrations is necessary, if not only the blue-green algae, but also the the Chrysophyte populations are to be reduced below nuisance levels. However, for the purpose of gaining drinking water from surface water, slow bank filtration showed to be an effective measure for the elimination of terpenoids, ocatrienes and alkane molecules larger that dodecane; therefore it can be recomended as a treatment against odor problems in drinking water gained from surface waters.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

Performance Study of Some Reverse Osmosis Systems for Removal of Uranium and Total Dissolved Solids in Underground Waters of Punjab State, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-476
Author(s):  
Nisha Sharma ◽  
Jaspal Singh ◽  
Barjinder Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
State Government ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
High Concentrations

Radionuclides (uranium, thorium, radium, radon gas etc.) are found naturally in air, water, soil and rock. Everyday, we ingest and inhale these radionuclides through the air we breathe and through food and water we take. Out of the internal exposure via ingestion of radionuclides, water contributes the major portion. The natural radioactivity of water is due to the activity transfer from bed rock and soils. In our surveys carried out in the past few years, we have observed high concentrations of uranium and total dissolved solids (TDS) in drinking waters of some southern parts of Punjab State exceeding the safe limits recommended by national and international agencies. The main drinking water source is the underground water procured from different depths. Due to the highly saline taste, disorders in their digestive systems and other ailments, people are installing reverse osmosis (RO) systems in their houses. Some RO systems have been installed on commercial basis. The state government is also in the process of installing community RO systems at the village level. As high values of uranium are also undesired and may pose health hazards due to radioactivity and toxicity of uranium, we have conducted a survey in the field to study the performance of various RO systems for removal of uranium and TDS. Water samples from about forty RO systems from Faridkot, Mansa, Bathinda and Amritsar districts of Punjab State were collected and analyzed. Our results show that some RO systems are able to remove more than 99% of uranium in the underground waters used for drinking purposes. TDS values are also reduced considerably to the desired levels. So RO systems can be used to avoid the risk of unduly health problems posed by high concentrations of uranium and TDS in drinking water.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document