Enrichment of marine anammox bacteria in Hiroshima Bay sediments

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) involves the microbiological oxidation of ammonium with nitrite as the electron acceptor and dinitrogen gas as the main product. The Scalindua species, an anammox genus that dominates natural habitats, plays an important role in catalysing the loss of nitrogen from marine environments. Until now, a few Scalindua species have been reported to be enriched from sea sediments. The objective of this study is to enrich marine anammox bacteria with coastal sediments in Hiroshima Bay as the inocula. The enrichment was achieved using a continuous upflow column reactor with synthetic sea water containing ammonium and nitrite. After 48 days of incubation, a simultaneous decrease in ammonium and nitrite was observed. A total nitrogen removal rate of 1.16 kg-N m−3 day−1 was attained after 306 days of incubation when the nitrogen loading rate was 1.32 kg-N m−3 day−1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequence similarity between the marine anammox-like bacteria in this reactor and the unidentified Candidatus Scalindua sp. was 96–98%. We successfully enriched marine anammox bacteria in the sediments of Hiroshima Bay by using synthetic sea water. Further studies are needed to investigate the characteristics of marine anammox bacteria, including optimal pH, temperature, and nitrogen loading rate.

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Enrichment of marine anammox bacteria from seawater-related samples and bacterial community study

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.796 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 119-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Y. Kawagoshi ◽

Y. Nakamura ◽

H. Kawashima ◽

K. Fujisaki ◽

K. Furukawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Disposal ◽

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Enrichment Culture ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Disposal Site ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Waste Disposal Site

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a novel nitrogen pathway catalyzed by anammox bacteria which are obligate anaerobic chemoautotrophs. In this study, enrichment culture of marine anammox bacteria (MAAOB) from the samples related to seawater was conducted. Simultaneous removal of ammonium and nitrite was confirmed in continuous culture inoculated with sediment of a sea-based waste disposal site within 50 days. However, no simultaneous nitrogen removal was observed in cultures inoculated with seawater-acclimated denitrifying sludge or with muddy sediment of tideland even during 200 days. Nitrogen removal rate of 0.13 kg/m3/day was achieved at nitrogen loading rate of 0.16 kg/m3/day after 320th days in the culture inoculated with the sediment of waste disposal site. The nitrogen removal ratio between ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen was 1:1.07. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that an abundance of the bacteria close to MAAOB and coexistence of ammonium oxidizing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria in the culture.

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Development of downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor as post treatment of existing combined anaerobic tank treating natural rubber processing wastewater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2016.487 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 57-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Takahiro Watari ◽

Trung Cuong Mai ◽

Daisuke Tanikawa ◽

Yuga Hirakata ◽

Masashi Hatamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Organic Loading Rate ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Reactor Performance

Conventional aerated tank technology is widely applied for post treatment of natural rubber processing wastewater in Southeast Asia; however, a long hydraulic retention time (HRT) is required and the effluent standards are exceeded. In this study, a downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor was installed as post treatment of anaerobic tank effluent in a natural rubber factory in South Vietnam and the process performance was evaluated. The DHS reactor demonstrated removal efficiencies of 64.2 ± 7.5% and 55.3 ± 19.2% for total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen, respectively, with an organic loading rate of 0.97 ± 0.03 kg-COD m−3 day−1 and a nitrogen loading rate of 0.57 ± 0.21 kg-N m−3 day−1. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of the sludge retained in the DHS also corresponded to the result of reactor performance, and both nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria were detected in the sponge carrier. In addition, anammox bacteria was found in the retained sludge. The DHS reactor reduced the HRT of 30 days to 4.8 h compared with the existing algal tank. This result indicates that the DHS reactor could be an appropriate post treatment for the existing anaerobic tank for natural rubber processing wastewater treatment.

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Anammox biofilm process using sugarcane bagasse as an organic carrier

Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.22146/ijbiotech.58554 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini ◽

Puti Sri Komala ◽

Arief Almi

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Biofilm Process ◽

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽

Anammox Process

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) biofilm process commonly uses various inorganic carriers to enhance nitrogen removal under anaerobic conditions. This study aims to analyze the performance of nitrogen removal in anammox process using sugarcane bagasse as an organic carrier. The experiment was carried out by using an up‐flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for treating artificial wastewater at room temperature. The reactor was fed with ammonium and nitrite with the concentrations of 70‐150 mg–N/L and variations in the hydraulic retention time of 24 and 12 h. The granular anammox belongs to the genus Candidatus Brocadia sinica that was added as an inoculum of the reactor operation. The experimental stoichiometric of anammox for ΔNO2‐–N: ΔNH4+–N and ΔNO3‐: ΔNH4+ were 1.24 and 0.18, respectively, which is similar to anammox stoichiometry. The maximum Nitrogen Removal Rate (NRR) has achieved 0.29 kg–N/m3.d at Nitrogen Loading Rate (NLR) 0.6 kg–N/m3.d. The highest ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE) and nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) were 88% and 85%, respectively. Based on this results, it indicated that sugarcane bagasse as organic carriers could increase the amount of total nitrogen removal by provided of denitrification process but inhibited the anammox process at a certain COD concentration.

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Physiological characteristics of the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacterium ‘Candidatus Brocadia sinica’

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.048595-0 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 157 (6) ◽

pp. 1706-1713 ◽

Cited By ~ 171

Author(s):

Mamoru Oshiki ◽

Masaki Shimokawa ◽

Naoki Fujii ◽

Hisashi Satoh ◽

Satoshi Okabe

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Nitrite Reduction ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Phylogenetic Affiliation ◽

Anammox Activity ◽

Rate Kinetics ◽

Kinetics Of

The present study investigated the phylogenetic affiliation and physiological characteristics of bacteria responsible for anaerobic ammonium oxidization (anammox); these bacteria were enriched in an anammox reactor with a nitrogen removal rate of 26.0 kg N m−3 day−1. The anammox bacteria were identified as representing ‘Candidatus Brocadia sinica’ on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of rRNA operon sequences. Physiological characteristics examined were growth rate, kinetics of ammonium oxidation and nitrite reduction, temperature, pH and inhibition of anammox. The maximum specific growth rate (μmax) was 0.0041 h−1, corresponding to a doubling time of 7 days. The half-saturation constants (K s) for ammonium and nitrite of ‘Ca. B. sinica’ were 28±4 and 86±4 µM, respectively, higher than those of ‘Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans’ and ‘Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis’. The temperature and pH ranges of anammox activity were 25–45 °C and pH 6.5–8.8, respectively. Anammox activity was inhibited in the presence of nitrite (50 % inhibition at 16 mM), ethanol (91 % at 1 mM) and methanol (86 % at 1 mM). Anammox activities were 80 and 70 % of baseline in the presence of 20 mM phosphorus and 3 % salinity, respectively. The yield of biomass and dissolved organic carbon production in the culture supernatant were 0.062 and 0.005 mol C (mol NH 4 + )−1, respectively. This study compared physiological differences between three anammox bacterial enrichment cultures to provide a better understanding of anammox niche specificity in natural and man-made ecosystems.

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Treatment of high-strength rare-earth ammonia wastewater with two-stage anammox process

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.002048 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 867-874 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

High Strength ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Two Stage ◽

Uncultured Bacterium ◽

Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Anammox Process

In this study, a two-stage anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) system—including a partial nitritation system with a biological selector (PNBS) and a granular activated carbon-based granule anammox process (GAP) —was used for the treatment of real high-strength rare-earth ammonia wastewater (HRAW). A nitrogen removal rate of 89% on average was achieved at the end of the study with the influent total nitrogen concentration of 2200 mg l-1. The nitrogen-loading rate (NLR) of 17 kg N/(m3×d) was achieved in the PNBS, and a reduced NLR of 6 kg N/(m3×d) was maintained in the GAP. To our knowledge, this is the highest NLR applied to a two-stage anammox system. A genetic analysis of the sludge samples revealed that a Nitrosomonas sp. was enriched in the PNBS reactor, while, Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Uncultured bacterium clone KIST-JJY001, and Uncultured anoxic sludge bacterium KU2 were enriched in the GAP reactor.

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Autotrophic ammonia removal from landfill leachate using anaerobic membrane bioreactor

Linnaeus Eco-Tech ◽

10.15626/eco-tech.2014.016 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

S. Suneethi ◽

Kurian Joseph

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Landfill Leachate ◽

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Ammonia Removal ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor ◽

N Removal ◽

Anammox Process

Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) is an innovative high cell density system having complete biomass retention, high reactor loading and low sludge production and suitable for developing slow growing autotrophic bacterial cultures such as ANAMMOX. The Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX) process is an advanced biological nitrogen removal removes ammonia using nitrite as the electron acceptor without oxygen. The NH4+-N in the landfill leachate that is formed due to the release of nitrogen from municipal solid waste (MSW), when discharged untreated, into the surface water can result in eutrophication, aquatic toxicity and emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) to atmosphere. Besides, NH4+-N accumulation in landfills poses long term pollution issue with significant interference during post closure thereby requiring its removal prior to ultimate disposal into inland surface waters. The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility and treatment efficiency of treating landfill leachate (to check) for removing NH4+-N by adopting ANAMMOX process in AnMBR. The AnMBR was optimized for Nitrogen Loading Rate (NLR) varying from 0.025 to 5 kg NH4+-N/ m3/ d with hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranging from 1 to 3 d. NH4+-N removal efficacy of 85.13 ± 9.67% with the mean nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 5.54 ± 0.63 kg NH4+-N/ m3/ d was achieved with nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 6.51 ± 0.20 kg NH4+- N/ m3/ d at 1.5 d HRT. The nitrogen transformation intermediates in the form of hydrazine (N2H4) and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) were 0.008 ± 0.005 mg/L and 0.006 ± 0.001 mg/L, respectively, indicating co-existence of aerobic ammonia oxidizers (AOB) and ANAMMOX. The free ammonia (NH3) and free nitrous acid (HNO2) concentrations were 26.61 ± 16.54 mg/L and (1.66 ± 0.95) x 10-5 mg/L, preventing NO2--N oxidation to NO3--N enabling sustained NH4+- N removal.

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Bacterial community involved in the nitrogen cycle in a down-flow sponge-based trickling filter treating UASB effluent

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2015.154 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 116-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

E. F. A. Mac Conell ◽

P. G. S. Almeida ◽

K. E. L. Martins ◽

J. C. Araújo ◽

C. A. L. Chernicharo

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Community ◽

Community Composition ◽

Bacterial Community Composition ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Trickling Filter

Abstract The bacterial community composition of a down-flow sponge-based trickling filter treating upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) effluent was investigated by pyrosequencing. Bacterial community composition considerably changed along the reactor and over the operational period. The dominant phyla detected were Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes. The abundance of denitrifiers decreased from the top to the bottom and it was consistent with the organic matter concentration gradients. At lower loadings (organic and nitrogen loading rates), the abundance of anammox bacteria was higher than that of the ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in the upper portion of the reactor, suggesting that aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation occurred. Nitrification occurred in all the compartments, while anammox bacteria prominently appeared even in the presence of high organic carbon to ammonia ratios (around 1.0–2.0 gCOD gN−1). The results suggest that denitrifiers, nitrifiers, and anammox bacteria coexisted in the reactor; thus, different metabolic pathways were involved in ammonium removal in the post-UASB reactor sponge-based.

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Effect of nitrogen loading rate and alkalinity on partial nitritation in a continuous stirred tank reactor

Environmental Engineering Research ◽

10.4491/eer.2020.573 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 200573-0

Author(s):

Daehee Choi ◽

Thanh Phuong To ◽

Wonsang Yun ◽

Dongjin Ju ◽

Keugtae Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Loading Rate ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Stirred Tank ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽

Partial Nitritation ◽

Stirred Tank Reactor ◽

Tank Reactor ◽

Continuous Stirred Tank

In order to achieve an appropriate effluent ratio of ammonium and nitrite as an influent of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation process, the optimum conditions for the partial nitritation in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were investigated using real reject water. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) and influent alkalinity (HCO3-)/NH4+-N ratio were major factors that greatly influenced the partial nitritation. As a result of continuous operation, ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE) and effluent nitrite to ammonium ratio (NAR) could be achieved at the HRT of 19 h corresponding to 0.71 kg/m3/d of nitrogen loading rate (NLR). Thereafter, the influent HCO3-/NH4+-N ratio was adjusted from 0.5 to 2, and as a result, the optimum partial nitritation efficiency was maintained when the influent HCO3-/NH4+-N ratio was one. The suitability of the determined operating conditions was verified in a CSTR over 30 d of operation time.

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Development of a super high-rate Anammox reactor and in situ analysis of biofilm structure and function

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2007.236 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (8-9) ◽

pp. 9-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ikuo Tsushima ◽

Yuji Ogasawara ◽

Masaki Shimokawa ◽

Tomonori Kindaichi ◽

Satoshi Okabe

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Dry Weight ◽

High Rate ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Anammox Process

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process is a new efficient and cost effective method of ammonium removal from wastewater. Under strictly anoxic condition, ammonium is directly oxidised with nitrite as electron acceptor to dinitrogen gas. However, it is extremely difficult to cultivate Anammox bacteria due to their low growth rate. This suggests that a rapid and efficient start-up of Anammox process is the key to practical applications. To screen appropriate seeding sludge with high Anammox potential, a real-time quantitative PCR assay with newly designed primers has been developed. Thereafter, the seeding sludge with high abundance of Anammox bacteria (1.7 × 108 copies/mg-dry weight) was selected and inoculated into an upflow anaerobic biofilters (UABs). The UABs were operated for more than 1 year and the highest nitrogen removal rate of 24.0 kg-N m−3 day−1 was attained. In addition, the ecophysiology of Anammox bacteria (spatial distribution and in situ activity) in biofilms was analysed by combining a full-cycle 16S rRNA approach and microelectrodes. The microelectrode measurement clearly revealed that a successive vertical zonation of the partial nitrification (NH4+ to NO2−), Anammox reaction and denitrification was developed in the biofilm in the UAB. This result agreed with the spatial distribution of corresponding bacterial populations in the biofilm. We linked the micro-scale information (i.e. single cell and/or biofilm levels) with the macro-scale information (i.e. the reactor level) to understand the details of Anammox reaction occurring in the UABs.

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New anaerobic process of nitrogen removal

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2006.729 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (8) ◽

pp. 163-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

S. Kalyuzhnyi ◽

M. Gladchenko ◽

A. Mulder ◽

B. Versprille

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Electron Donor ◽

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Laboratory Testing ◽

Oxidation Reaction ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Conventional Activated Sludge ◽

Activated Sludge Systems

This paper reports on successful laboratory testing of a new nitrogen removal process called DEAMOX (DEnitrifying AMmonium OXidation) for the treatment of strong nitrogenous wastewater such as baker's yeast effluent. The concept of this process combines the recently discovered ANAMMOX (ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation) reaction with autotrophic denitrifying conditions using sulfide as an electron donor for the production of nitrite within an anaerobic biofilm. The achieved results with a nitrogen loading rate of higher than 1, 000 mg/L/d and nitrogen removal of around 90% look very promising because they exceed (by 9–18 times) the corresponding nitrogen removal rates of conventional activated sludge systems. The paper describes also some characteristics of DEAMOX sludge, as well as the preliminary results of its microbiological characterization.

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