scholarly journals Method for evaluating the heat-island mitigation effect of porous/water-retentive blocks using a climatic chamber

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae Uk Shin ◽  
Woo Bin Bae ◽  
Yun Mi Park ◽  
Sang Rae Kim ◽  
Yong Gil Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Environmental Chamber ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Circulation Mechanism ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
The Difference

Abstract This paper presents a method and mock-up design for evaluating the heat-island mitigation effect of porous/water-retentive blocks in a climatic environmental chamber using ambient temperature measurements. To create the proposed method, the heat circulation mechanism of blocks was considered. From this, we specified the climatic chamber design requirements, determined the required components and equipment for the mock-up, and developed the proposed method for evaluating heat-island mitigation performance based on ambient temperature. Using the proposed mock-up design and method, we confirmed that both surface and air temperatures were lower when porous/water-retentive blocks were installed compared to conventional blocks. This method can be used to analyze the difference between surface and ambient temperatures under various conditions to quantify the heat-island mitigation performance of different materials according to ambient temperature.

scholarly journals Body Temperatures in Some Australian Mammals II.Peramelidae

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Diurnal Temperature

Body temperature measurements on the short-nosed bandicoot (Thylacis obeaulus) have shown a nocturnal cycle with a range of 1� 2�C and a short active phase at 2200-0400 hr. The bilby or rabbit bandicoot (Macrotis lagoti8) had a sharply defined temperature cycle, with a range of almost 3�C after several months of captivity, during which the day-time resting temperature was progressively lowered from 36� 4 to 34� 2�C. Forced activity raised the diurnal temperature substantially but not to the nocturnal level. Forced activity did not raise the nocturnal level which was similar in the two species (37' O�C). Both species could regulate effectively at an ambient temperature of 5�C, but only Thylaci8 showed regulation at ambient temperatures of between 30 and 40�C.

scholarly journals Urban heat island in Bloemfontein during winter

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Snyman ◽  
A. Stephen Steyn
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The City

Urban heat islands (UHIs) are characterised by warmer urban air temperatures compared to rural air temperatures, and the intensity is equal to the difference between the two. Air temperatures are measured at various sites across the city of Bloemfontein and then analysed to determine the UHI characteristics. The UHI is found to have a horseshoe shape and reaches a maximum intensity of 8.2 °C at 22:00. The UHI is largely affected by the local topography.

Physiological reactions of Caucasian and Bantu males in acute exposure to cold

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Wyndham ◽  
J. S. Ward ◽  
N. B. Strydom ◽  
J. F. Morrison ◽  
C. G. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Eleven men per sample of Caucasian and Bantu males were exposed for 2 hr in a climatic chamber at various air temperatures ranging from 5 to 27 C, and a wind velocity of 80–100 ft/min. When expressed per square meter surface area the metabolism of the Bantu was greater in the range above 18 C and below 6 C. Average skin temperatures were similar for both groups, but between 27 and 17 C the toe and finger temperatures of the Caucasians were significantly higher than that of the Bantu—the difference at 27 C being 5 C for the fingers and 3.6 C for the toes. Rectal temperatures of both groups were similar between 27 and 17 C. With the rectal temperatures at 27 C air temperature as the criterion, it was found that as the air temperatures decreased below the 27–17 C range the rectal temperatures of the Bantu fell linearly, while the rectal temperatures of the Caucasians rose steadily. There is no doubt that in certain ranges of air temperatures there are significant differences between the cold reactions of Caucasians and the Bantu. cold adaptation; ethnic differences in response to cold; metabolic and body temperature reactions to cold; metabolic response to body temperature; metabolic reactions of ethnic groups Submitted on July 15, 1963

Energy utilization in the laying hen in relation to ambient temperature

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Davis ◽  
O. E. M. Hassan ◽  
A. H. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thermoneutral Zone ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Energy Balances

SummaryEnergy balances have been determined, using the comparative slaughter procedure, over 3-week periods on groups of laying hens kept at ambient temperatures of 7·2, 15·6, 23·9, 29·4 and 35 °C.Energy intake declined as the environment became warmer (kcal ME/kg¾/day = 203· 1·13°C); heat production, as measured by the difference between energy intake and energy retention, also declined with increasing ambient temperature (kcal/kg¾/day = 151 – 1·11°C). There was a linear relationship between heat production and ambient temperature with no thermoneutral zone or critical temperature.The energy available for egg production remained almost constant at 50 kcal/kg¾/day equivalent to a rate of egg production of 82% at each ambient temperature.

107 UNEXPLAINED VARIATION IN EMBRYO FREEZER DIGITAL READOUT

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
C. F. Nelson ◽  
L. D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Freezing Process ◽  
Digital Readout ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Actual Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Freezing Curve ◽  
Unexplained Variation ◽  
Real Temperature ◽  
Electrical Supply

Differences among frozen embryo transfer results are often observed but are usually unexplainable. One cause of possible variability in pregnancy rates could be faulty digital readout of the biological freezer unless adequate controls are routinely used. By monitoring temperatures throughout the freezing process independently of the freezer readout, differences between the embryo freezer digital readout (EFDR) vs thermocouple (TC) and digital thermometer (DT) were observed when using a Bio Cool II Alcohol Freezer. The difference between EFDR and actual temperature (TC and DT) ranged from –4.9°C to +5.4°C. To further investigate possible causes of these differences, electrical supply to the freezer and ambient temperatures were monitored at 21 different on-the-farm locations. Ranges of voltage (117–124.4), Hz (59.96–60.00), mA (10.82–11.90) and ambient temperature (–6.1°C to +23.9°C) were recorded. However, no correlations between the EFDR and voltage (r = 0.097), Hz (r = –0.227), mA (r = 0.140), or actual temperature (r = –0.350) were found (P > 0.05). Two freezing procedures were done in unheated barn areas where the ambient temperature was –6.1°C and –4.9°C, with readout differences of +1.7°C and –0.8°C, respectively. Six of the 21 differences were ≥+2.0°C and 4 differences were ≤–2.0°C. The variable EFDR was apparently a problem within the freezer itself. In practice the real temperature (TC and DT) was used to determine the seeding temperature, therefore eliminating the chance of seeding at highly variable temperatures (–10°C to –2°C). The readout difference remained consistent throughout the freezing process and did not affect the freezing curve. It is suggested that any laboratory instrument be independently monitored to ensure quality control.

Temperature Measurements of Falling Droplets

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1008-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Wells ◽  
L. A. Melton
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Droplet Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Fluorescence Thermometry ◽  
Exciplex Fluorescence

The temperature of 225-μm-dia decane droplets, which have fallen 100 mm through a hot quiescent, oxygen-free environment, has been measured using exciplex fluorescence thermometry. The droplets were doped with pyrene, and the relative intensities of pyrene monomer and excimer emissions were used to determine the droplet temperatures. The droplet temperature increases approximately 0.4°C per °C increase in the ambient temperature up to an ambient temperature of 200°C. Less than 10 percent evaporation was observed for the droplets at the highest ambient temperatures.

Dynamics of endotoxin fever in the rabbit

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1504-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Graener ◽  
J. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Dynamic Shift ◽  
Effector Mechanisms

To analyze the dynamic properties of body temperature and effector mechanisms during endotoxin fever, both experimental and mathematical procedures were applied. Experiments were carried out on rabbits in a climatic chamber at various ambient temperatures. Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg) was injected into an ear vein. A biphasic core temperature increase evoked by different effector mechanisms depending on ambient temperature was observed. A mathematical model based on experimental results with nonfebrile rabbits predicts the effector behavior at all ambient temperatures. From a comparison of experimental results with the model prediction, it is concluded that the increase of core temperature during fever is essentially caused by a dynamic shift of the controller characteristics. The effect of the pyrogen may be simulated by a resultant fever-controlling signal that is biphasic but increases more steeply than does core temperature. The analysis suggests that the three possible fever-driving effectors, metabolism, ear blood flow, and respiratory evaporative heat loss, should be controlled by the same resultant signal, although the time courses of the effectors and of core temperature vary distinctly at different air temperatures. The model uses an additive controller structure.

scholarly journals Heat loss from humans measured with a direct calorimeter and heat-flow meters

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
M. J. Dauncey ◽  
D. L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
External Insulation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

1. Heat loss from three men and three women was measured in a direct calorimeter over 2 or 3 h periods and compared with that determined simultaneously from heat-flow meters attached to the skin surface at the waist. The comparisons were made at each of four ambient temperatures, 15, 20, 25 and 30°. Each subject wore a cotton boiler-suit and minimal underwear.2. Oral temperatures and skin and clothing temperatures on both trunk and forearm were determined, thus enabling the subjects' internal and external insulation to be calculated.3. Heat loss determined by the meters was lower than that determined by the calorimeter. The difference increased with increase in ambient temperature. ‘Meter’ heat loss decreased linearly as ambient temperature was raised.4. It was concluded that heat-flow meters could provide a useful estimate of total heat loss when the evaporative component is low. The estimate might be improved if the subject is calibrated while wearing the meters in a calorimeter over several short periods. Heat-flow meters could therefore be of particular value in sedentary individuals, when the heart-rate method for estimating energy expenditure can be inappropriate.

Effects of Ambient Temperature on Warm-Up in the Moth Hyalophora Cecropia

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-507
Author(s):  
GEORGE A. BARTHOLOMEW ◽  
TIMOTHY M. CASEY
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cooling Curves ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Logarithmic Plot ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Hyalophora Cecropia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Straight Lines

The rates of pre-flight warm-up in adult Hyalophora cecropia (mean weight 3.10g) were measured 24-36 h after eclosion at 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C in still air. 1. The rate of thoracic warm-up increased linearly with ambient temperature, averaging 2.6 °C/min at 15 °C and 6.5 °C/min at 30 °C. 2. Thoracic temperatures typically reached 37-39 °C while abdominal temperatures rarely rose more than 3 °C above ambient. 3. The cooling curves of the thorax at 15° and 25 °C were straight lines and had similar slopes on a semi-logarithmic plot. 4. Our data are compatible with the idea that heat production is dependent on thoracic temperature, and are incompatible with the theory that it depends on the difference between thoracic and ambient temperatures.

scholarly journals Thermal and aerodynamic tests of a digital combined current and voltage transformer

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 09006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Litvinov ◽  
Vladimir Lebedev ◽  
Nikolay Smirnov ◽  
Vladimir Tyutikov ◽  
Sergey Shuvalov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Convection ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Voltage Transformer ◽  
Environmental Chamber ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Resistive Divider ◽  
The Difference

This study examines the results of thermal and aerodynamic tests of a digital combined current and voltage transformer conducted in an environmental chamber. This measuring instruments consist of current and voltage transformers, featuring a resistive divider, and are used for commercial and technical electric power accounting. Different ambient temperatures, airflow rates and levels of insolation were set for the environmental chamber, with simulation of transformer functioning in emergency modes. It was established that heat release at transformer outer surface with natural convection depends to a larger extent on the difference between the temperature at the transformer surface and ambient temperature, while with forced convection this heat release depends more on air mass speed, with greater heat release on the surface of an upward facing rib than on the surface of a downward facing rib. The results of our study have been used in developing algorithms for diagnostics of the thermal state of digital combined transformers.

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