The Price of the Goods as an Essential Condition of the Delivery Contract

The French victories over Prussia and Russia in 1806–07 enabled Napoleon to impose upon the continent a peace diametrically opposed to the interests of Britain. An essential condition of it, as was made clear in the Berlin Decree and the Franco-Russian treaty of Tilsit, was that Britain should be banished from Europe. Within a few months of the Tilsit agreement in July 1807 all the northern powers, except Sweden which kept out of the French alliance until 1810, were formally at war with Britain and were pledged to break their commercial connexions with her. It appeared that Napoleon, with the aid of Russia, Prussia and Denmark–Norway, had finally shut the Baltic to British trade and had thus made the commercial exclusion of Britain from the continent a reality. As things turned out, trade between Britain and the north of Europe, though harassed by enemy commerce raiders and impeded by French agents, was not destroyed. The Scandinavian and Baltic ports, the last in Europe to come under French influence, were never firmly closed even when Napoleon''s continental system was most effectively enforced in 1811

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Bi-directional Coupling of an Unstructured Triangular Meshes-based Integrated Hydrodynamic Model for Heterogeneous Feature-based Urban Flood Simulation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-375226/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guoqiang Peng ◽

Zhuo Zhang ◽

Tian Zhang ◽

Zhiyao Song ◽

Arif Masrur

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Overland Flow ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Flood Simulation ◽

Urban Flood ◽

Essential Condition ◽

Flow Processes ◽

Feature Based ◽

Heterogeneous Feature

Abstract Urban pluvial flash floods have become a matter of widespread concern, as they severely impact people’s lives in urban areas. Hydrological and hydraulic models have been widely used for urban flood management and urban planning. Traditionally, to reduce the complexity of urban flood modelling and simulations, simplification or generalization methods have been used; for example, some models focus on the simulation of overland water flow, and some models focus on the simulation of the water flow in sewer systems. However, the water flow of urban floods includes both overland flow and sewer system flow. The overland flow processes are impacted by many different geographical features in what is an extremely spatially heterogeneous environment. Therefore, this article is based on two widely used models (SWMM and ANUGA) that are coupled to develop a bi-directional method of simulating water flow processes in urban areas. The open source overland flow model uses the unstructured triangular as the spatial discretization scheme. The unstructured triangular-based hydraulic model can be better used to capture the spatial heterogeneity of the urban surfaces. So, the unstructured triangular-based model is an essential condition for heterogeneous feature-based urban flood simulation. The experiments indicate that the proposed coupled model in this article can accurately depict surface waterlogged areas and that the heterogeneous feature-based urban flood model can be used to determine different types of urban flow processes.

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On the causes of electoral volatility in Asia since 1948

Party Politics ◽

10.1177/13540688211046858 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135406882110468

Author(s):

Don S Lee ◽

Fernando Casal Bertoa

Keyword(s):

Party Systems ◽

Representative Democracy ◽

Electoral Volatility ◽

Essential Condition ◽

Additional Finding ◽

Healthy Functioning ◽

The Stability ◽

Detrimental Impact ◽

Historical Legacies ◽

The Way

Electoral stability has been viewed as an essential condition for the healthy functioning of representative democracy. However, there is little agreement in the literature about what shapes the stability of the electorate in general nor much attention paid to that of the Asian electorates in particular. We propose historical legacies, uniquely testable in Asia, as central determinants, but also test for conventional factors examined in other regions. By analyzing more than 150 elections in 19 post-WWII Asian democracies, we find that certain types of authoritarian (military or personalist) and colonial (non-British) legacies have a detrimental impact on the stabilization of the electorate, while some of the findings from other regions apply also to Asia. Our additional finding that such effects of historical legacies, particularly authoritarian interludes, are attenuated and cease to be significant with sufficient maturation of democracy, has important implications for the way party systems develop and democracies consolidate.

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Towards a multi-criteria framework for stereotomy – Workflows for subtractive fabrication in complex geometries

Journal of Computational Design and Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.jcde.2018.07.005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 468-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shayani Fernando ◽

Simon Weir ◽

Dagmar Reinhardt ◽

Adam Hannouch

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Research Work ◽

Structural Performance ◽

Future Research ◽

Advanced Manufacturing ◽

Essential Condition ◽

Robotic Fabrication ◽

Research Findings ◽

Comparative Case Studies ◽

End Effectors

Abstract In a context of stereotomy, robotic subtractive cutting enables design-to-production processes that integrate craftsmanship with advanced manufacturing technology. This paper discusses empirical research into the fabrication of complex and custom-designed geometries by means of robotic subtractive cutting, with a specific focus on modular elements and joint typologies that form an essential condition for self-supporting stone structures. The paper presents research findings in two parts. In the first part, four case studies for jointing techniques and a cross-comparison between these are introduced to derive strategies for multiple criteria, including macro-and-micro geometries, modules and joints, structural performance, material variations, machine cutting methods and end-effectors, and robotic workspace. In the second part, the paper focuses on the structural performance of the joint geometry typologies, expanded towards material constraints and robotic fabrication process. The paper concludes with a discussion on these varied subtractive cutting methodologies and a resulting design-to-fabrication workflow, and indicates future research work. Highlights Demonstrates applications of stereotomic practice for robotic subtractive cutting. Reports on comparative case studies for four different module and joint structures. Discusses structural performance for Interlocking base block geometries. Provides a multi-criteria framework for structural, material/machine cutting methods. Develops a design-to-fabrication workflow in robotic subtractive cutting.

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International climate change negotiation: the role of Brazil

Sustentabilidade em Debate ◽

10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.2796 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 379-395

Author(s):

Marcela Cardoso Guilles Da Conceição ◽

Renato de Aragão Ribeiro Rodrigues ◽

Fernanda Reis Cordeiro ◽

Fernando Vieira Cesário ◽

Gracie Verde Selva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate ◽

International Negotiation ◽

Climate Change Negotiations ◽

Essential Condition ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Social And Economic Development ◽

International Climate ◽

International Climate Change

The increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere raises the average temperature of the planet, triggering problems that threaten the survival of humans. Protecting the global climate from the effects of climate change is an essential condition for sustaining life. For this reason, governments, scientists, and society are joining forces to propose better solutions that could well-rounded environmentally, social and economic development relationships. International climate change negotiations involve many countries in establishing strategies to mitigate the problem. Therefore, understanding international negotiation processes and how ratified agreements impact a country is of fundamental importance. The purpose of this paper is to systematize information about how climate negotiations have progressed, detailing key moments and results, analyzing the role that Brazil played in the course of these negotiations and the country’s future perspectives.

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Psychological Well-Being Narapidana Remaja Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas IIA Sidoarjo

Psikologia Jurnal Psikologi ◽

10.21070/psikologia.v2i1.143 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vivi Widya Susanti ◽

Effy Wardati Maryam

Keyword(s):

Positive Attitude ◽

Well Being ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Self Control ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Essential Condition ◽

Field Notes ◽

The Subject ◽

Interviewing Technique ◽

Self Potential

The entry of youth into the prisons would lead them to the loss of independence, difficulties in adapting, and lonely feeling, which ultimately affects the condition of psychological well-being. Here, psychological well-being is an essential condition to make teenagers, i.e., convicts, be able to defend their lives for serving a sentence. The study aims to provide an overview of the psychological well-being of juvenile prisoners and to investigate the factors that influence the formation of psychological well-being. In this case, the study employs an exploratory qualitative approach to the subject of two teenage inmates. The prison chosen is located in Class II A Sidoarjo. The data are obtained from interviewing technique and field notes. The results show that inmates have better psychological well-being than when they entered the prison early. The condition is proved at the subjects’ ability to adjust themselves to the environment, develop self-potential, accept themselves in a positive attitude, self-control and self-reliant, have a purpose to live and be able to establish positive relationships with others. Meanwhile, the factors that influence the formation of psychological well-being in inmates are social support, social interaction, and social skills while they are in a prison.

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Agri-food Exports and Challenges of Foreign Markets for a Small region: a Network Approach

Economy of region ◽

10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 607-618

Author(s):

Roberta Sisto ◽

Alba Marseglia ◽

Edgardo Sica

Keyword(s):

Small And Medium Enterprises ◽

Research Question ◽

Small Region ◽

Complex Environments ◽

Trade Patterns ◽

Essential Condition ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Medium Enterprises ◽

Over Time

Over the last decades, the agri-food sector has been involved in a substantial process of internationalisation. For many agri-food firms, internationalisation has become a significant element of competitiveness and an essential condition for their survival and success in spite of the possible initial difficulties in competing and organising activities in uncertain and complex environments. These challenges concern mainly agri-food small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that, due to their size, are in a more vulnerable position in relation to trade barriers compared to larger firms. Based on these premises, we investigated the structure of the agrifood exports of a small region by exploring its characteristics and evolution over time. While this research is relevant per sé, it can also explain the macroeconomic dynamics of the whole area and determine the further development of agri-food exports of a small region to non-EU countries. The analysis concentrates on exports to extra-EU countries from agri-food firms located in the province of Foggia (the south-east of Italy), a small area characterised by a large presence of SMEs and micro firms that are mainly devoted to agricultural production and food processing. To answer the research question, we employ the social network analysis, a method increasingly used for analysing international trade patterns. The use of this methodology has allowed us to conduct an in-depth analysis of firms and countries that occupy a strategic position in the network. These actors are crucial for the network’s survival since their removal could make the network more fragmented and disconnected. The analysis has been conducted in a dynamic way by exploring the characteristics of the network in 2014–2019, allowing us to assess its evolution over time. The results show that the structural properties of the analysed network have remarkably enhanced over time. However, the current network structure is not satisfactory yet since it relies, for the most part, on the connections among a few leading firms and a limited number of destination countries.

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