scholarly journals FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS AND INNOVATION IN THE UNITED STATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Minat ◽  
A. G. Chepik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Scientific And Technical Information ◽  
Positive Balance

A trend has been identified that reflects a close correlation between the main indicators of US foreign trade and innovation activities carried out in the modern American economy. The article shows the essence of the national innovation system established in the United States and its international significance in the implementation of foreign trade relations of the country in terms of the exchange of scientific and technical information and documentation, the sale of products with a high innovative component, determined by a comparative analysis of relevant indicators. Based on the results of the study noted the positive dynamics of the active foreign trade balance of the USA in the field of exchange of scientific and technical information and documentation, with a high positive balance, the conclusions about the qualitative dominance of the leading industries of the U.S. economy in terms of aggregate innovation and foreign trade activity in ten leading countries of the world.

scholarly journals Government information policy and the dynamics of federal funding for the dissemination of US research and development results

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Valerij N. Minat ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Federal Funding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Information Policy ◽  
Scientific And Technical Information

Introduction. The traditionally high level of government participation in scientific and technical, innovation and implementation and foreign trade activities of the United States presupposes the active nature of federal funding for activities and information policy instruments related to the dissemination of the results of American R&D both in the national economy and in the international market. The study of the dynamics and structure of the distribution of allocations for the dissemination of special scientific and technical information and documentation is an urgent socio-economic problem, reflecting the level of scientific and technological development of the United States and the innovative activity of advanced sectors of the national economy for a long period of time. The theoretical analysis was carried out in the context of organizational and administrative institutions of the federal government (specialized departments), endowed with financial powers, subordinate to the central body generating a unified US information policy strategy for the dissemination of R&D results. An empirical analysis based on US official statistics made it possible to assess the specifics of financing scientific and technical information in the field of R&D by types, categories and departments – domestically for 1965–2019, as well as to calculate changes in the balance of US foreign trade with scientific and technical information and documentation in 2001–2019. Results. The general resulting conclusion is that any innovative information on the results of R&D provides a certain monopoly for a certain period, which gives the industry that created and introduced it, the department and the country as a whole, a certain advantage in the export of a new product. Since the United States has the most powerful national financial and innovation system among all states, with a developed structure, it provides its economic residents and their counterparties with ample opportunities for conducting fundamental and applied research and development and, of course, has an advantage in the production of innovative products with high competitiveness both in the domestic and in the global market, subject to the classic price-quality ratio.

scholarly journals “Path-Dependency” Effect in Japan-U.S. Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Z. Podoba ◽  
V. Gorshkov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The U.S

The paper addresses current issues in Japan-U.S. foreign trade following the signing of the Japan-U.S. Trade Agreement and the Japan-U.S. Agreement on Digital Trade in October 2019. By providing an overview of Japan-U.S. trade relations, analyzing current trends in bilateral foreign trade and outlining basic terms of new bilateral agreements, the authors conclude that “path-dependency” in Japan-U.S. contemporary foreign trade persists and trade relations between the two countries are to a greater extent influenced by the U.S. trade policy which aims to assure a broader access of American companies to Japanese markets – the situation that was typical for bilateral trade relations since the 1980s. “Path-dependency” in Japan-U.S. trade relations, conventionally categorized by the existence of numerous trade contradictions, is pronounced in the unchanged goals, strategy and tactics of foreign trade negotiations. The United States maintains its “attacking” role and dominates in the bilateral trade negotiations, while Japan, despite its enhancing influence in the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements, is forced to “self-defend” and make concessions to a more dominant partner in order to maintain its automobile exports to the United States at the expense of its national interests in other industries, particularly in the agricultural sector. Thus, new trade agreements are unlikely to cause significant structural changes in Japan-U.S. bilateral trade in the shortterm as the problem of persistent trade deficits remains. In order to break the vicious circle of “path-dependency” Japan is to actively cooperate with the economies of the European Union which have large amounts of trade deficits with the U.S., can serve as a mediator in the U.S. – China trade conflicts, as well with other Asian countries via mega-FTAs which possess potential risks to the United States. Further development of foreign trade cooperation will depend on the initiatives of new governments in both countries.

scholarly journals Foreign Trade of the European Union : Dominant Fluctuations

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Gladkov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
International Commodity ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the most important changes that have taken place over the past five years in the dynamics and geographical structure of foreign trade relations of the European Union (EU) as the largest entity in the system of modern international commodity trade. It is shown that, despite such rather unfavorable external factors as the increase in general turbulence in world commodity trade, the expansion of the zone of protectionist and sanctions measures, trade conflicts, the EU was able to maintain its dominant position in international commodity exchange. At the same time, the European Union has pushed the main competitors, as the latest statistics show a significant decrease in the share of the North American free trade Association (NAFTA, consisting of the United States, Canada, Mexico) and Japan in international exports. Continuing to pursue a balanced foreign trade policy, the EU used its traditional instruments not only to increase its activity in general and outside the European region, but also to maintain a positive balance of foreign trade. In addition, there are hopes for the resumption of goodneighbourly trade relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation, which have been complicated in recent years by the introduction and extension of sanctions measures by the EU and Russia's response. The author presents new statistical materials, numerous calculated data, for the first time introduced into the domestic scientific circulation.

scholarly journals FOREIGN ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN TRADE DIFFERENTIATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrii Sliusarenko ◽  
◽  
Alyona Klyuchnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Geographical Differentiation ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Positive Balance

The article highlights the need to develop effective mechanisms for guaranteeing the foreign economic security of agricultural enterprises due to the increase in their foreign trade activity. The share of agricultural exports in the structure of national exports is key, which confirms the feasibility of relevant research. In this case, the question of the quality of export activity becomes relevant not only due to the increase in value volumes but also given its content. Therefore, the problem of the high share of primary agricultural products in the export of agricultural products is problematic, which precedes the problem of forming the characteristics of the domestic agricultural sector as a resource with a low level of added value. The article examines the relationship between the state of foreign economic security of the agricultural sector with the commodity and geographical differentiation of foreign trade. The problem of insufficient commodity differentiation is problematic because to a greater extent domestic agricultural exports are represented by goods of plant origin. Moreover, the basis of exports of crop products are cereals and oilseeds. This state of affairs forms a position of high dependence on trends in foreign markets and fluctuations in demand for these types of crops, which precedes the existence of problems of foreign economic security of the agricultural sector in general and enterprises in particular. Instead, the situation of geographical differentiation has positive characteristics due to the balancing of priorities in trade relations. Despite the European integration path of Ukraine's development, the degree of dependence on fluctuations in demand in EU markets is within the norm. Positive is the destruction of the established approach to the priority of cooperation with the Russian Federation and the acquisition of new markets for agricultural products. The effectiveness of this kind of change in geographical differentiation is confirmed by the positive balance of export-import activity. However, it is worth noting the negative trends in terms of imports. For example, with minimal exports to the United States, we have huge volumes of imports. A mechanism of a certain kind of "structural isolation" should be formed, which would determine the limits of expediency of interstate cooperation in the sense of trade in agricultural products, based on efficiency indicators.

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