Anti-Infective Strategies of the Future: Is there Room for Species-Specific Antibacterial Agents?

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Then ◽  
Hans-Georg Sahl
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
The Future ◽  
Species Specific

Readdressing Our Moral Relationship to Nonhuman Creatures: Commentary on “A Dialogue on Species-Specific Rights: Humans and Animals in Bioethics”

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Future ◽  
Moral Strangers ◽  
Ethical Thinking ◽  
Moral Relationship ◽  
Moral Status Of Animals ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Negative Tone

Community discourse about the moral status of animals is critical to the future of bioethics and, indeed, to the future of modern society. Thomasma and Loewy are to be commended for sharing thoughts and trying to attain some common ground. I am grateful to them for fostering discussion and allowing me to respond. I cannot endorse the negative tone of the end of their conversation, however. They end with serious concerns about the possibility of any agreement between themselves. Even though I perceive some moral differences between them, I do not believe that they are moral strangers. In this commentary I review the ways in which I agree and disagree with Thomasma and Loewy and conclude with some thoughts about the kind of broad ethical thinking we need to do to address our moral relationship to nonhuman, living creatures.

scholarly journals Novel targets for the future development of antibacterial agents

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 28S-34S ◽  
Author(s):  
D. McDevitt ◽  
D.J. Payne ◽  
D.J. Holmes ◽  
M. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
The Future ◽  
Novel Targets

An Explanation for How FGFs Predict Species-Specific Tooth Cusp Patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 828-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Li ◽  
Q. Tang ◽  
H.-J.E. Kwon ◽  
Z. Wu ◽  
E.-J. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Predictive Role ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Enamel Knots ◽  
Inner Dental Epithelium

Species-specific cusp patterns result from the iterative formation of enamel knots, the epithelial signaling centers, at the future cusp positions. The expressions of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), especially Fgf4, in the secondary enamel knots in the areas of the future cusp tips are generally used to manifest the appearance of species-specific tooth shapes. However, the mechanism underlying the predictive role of FGFs in species-specific cusp patterns remains obscure. Here, we demonstrated that gerbils, which have a lophodont pattern, exhibit a striped expression pattern of Fgf4, whereas mice, which have a bunodont pattern, have a spotted expression pattern, and these observations verify the predictive role of Fgf4 in species-specific cusp patterns. By manipulating FGFs’ signaling in the inner dental epithelium of gerbils, we provide evidence for the intracellular participation of FGF signaling, specifically FGF4 and FGF20, in Rac1- and RhoA-regulated cellular geometry remolding during the determination of different cusp patterns. Our study presents a novel explanation of how different FGF expression patterns produce different cusp patterns and implies that a conserved intracellular FGF-GTPase signaling module might represent an underlying developmental basis for evolutionary changes in cusp patterns.

scholarly journals Shifts in habitat suitability and the conservation status of the Endangered Andean cat Leopardus jacobita under climate change scenarios

Oryx ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Bennett ◽  
Pablo A. Marquet ◽  
Claudio Sillero-Zubiri ◽  
Jorgelina Marino
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Species Distribution Modelling ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Lagidium Viscacia

AbstractOrganisms adapted to life at high elevations are particularly threatened by climate change, which can cause them to become isolated on mountain tops, yet their responses may vary according to their position in the food chain and their ecological flexibility. Predicting the future distributions of such organisms requires fine-tuned species-specific models. Building on a previous ecological niche model, we explored shifts in the suitability of habitats for the Endangered Andean cat Leopardus jacobita, and assessed how these will be represented within existing protected areas in the future. Using a robust set of presence records and corrected climate surfaces, we applied the Maxent algorithm to model habitat suitability for this carnivore and for its preferred prey, the mountain viscacha Lagidium viscacia. Our predictions indicate that the areas climatically suitable for Andean cats could contract by up to 30% by 2080 under the most pessimistic scenario, with an overall upwards shift of 225 m and a polewards displacement of 98–180 km. The predicted range contraction was more pronounced in the species’ core range, in the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes, whereas suitable conditions may increase in the southern range in Patagonia. Bolivia and Peru are predicted to suffer the most marked decline in habitat representativeness within protected areas. The southern range appears to be less vulnerable to climate change, offering opportunities for the conservation of this genetically distinct population. We discuss the value and limitations of using species distribution modelling to assess changes in the potential distribution and conservation status of this and other Andean species.

scholarly journals Refining Species Traits in a Dynamic Vegetation Model to Project the Impacts of Climate Change on Tropical Trees in Central Africa

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Dury ◽  
Lenni Mertens ◽  
Adeline Fayolle ◽  
Hans Verbeeck ◽  
Alain Hambuckers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Vegetation Model ◽  
Dynamic Vegetation Model ◽  
Tropical Tree Species ◽  
The Future ◽  
Species Specific

African tropical ecosystems and the services they provide to human society suffer from an increasing combined pressure of land use and climate change. How individual tropical tree species respond to climate change remains relatively unknown. In this study, we refined the species characterization in the CARAIB (CARbon Assimilation In the Biosphere) dynamic vegetation model by replacing plant functional type morpho-physiological traits by species-specific traits. We focus on 12 tropical tree species selected for their importance in both the plant community and human society. We used CARAIB to simulate the current species net primary productivity (NPP), biomass and potential distribution and their changes in the future. Our results indicate that the use of species-specific traits does not necessarily result in an increase of predicted current NPPs. The model projections for the end of the century highlight the large uncertainties in the future of African tropical species. Projected changes in species distribution vary greatly with the general circulation model (GCM) and, to a lesser extent, with the concentration pathway. The question about long-term plant response to increasing CO2 concentrations also leads to contrasting results. In absence of fertilization effect, species are exposed to climate change and might lose 25% of their current distribution under RCP8.5 (12.5% under RCP4.5), considering all the species and climatic scenarios. The vegetation model projects a mean biomass loss of −21.2% under RCP4.5 and −34.5% under RCP8.5. Potential range expansions, unpredictable due to migration limitations, are too limited for offsetting range contraction. By contrast, if the long-term species response to increasing [CO2] is positive, the range reduction is limited to 5%. However, despite a mean biomass increase of 12.2%, a positive CO2 feedback might not prevent tree dieback. Our analysis confirms that species will respond differently to new climatic and atmospheric conditions, which may induce new competition dynamics in the ecosystem and affect ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Human Growth and Growth Hormone: From Antiquity to the Recominant Age to the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Graber ◽  
Edward O. Reiter ◽  
Alan D. Rogol
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
The Future ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents

Since antiquity Man has been fascinated by the variations in human (and animal) growth. Stories and art abound about giants and little people. Modern genetics have solved some of etiologies at both extremes of growth. Serious study began with the pathophysiology of acromegaly followed by early attempts at treatment culminating in modern endoscopic surgery and multiple pharmacologic agents. Virtually at the same time experiments with the removal of the pituitary from laboratory animals noted the slowing or stopping of linear growth and then over a few decades the extraction and purification of a protein within the anterior pituitary that restored, partially or in full, the animal’s growth. Human growth hormone was purified decades after those from large animals and it was noted that it was species specific, that is, only primate growth hormone was metabolically active in primates. That was quite unlike the beef and pork insulins which revolutionized the care of children with diabetes mellitus. A number of studies included mild enzymatic digestion of beef growth hormone to determine if those “cores” had biologic activity in primates and man. Tantalizing data showed minimal but variable metabolic efficacy leading to the “active core” hypothesis, for these smaller peptides would be amenable to peptide synthesis in the time before recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA changed the landscape remarkably promising nearly unlimited quantities of metabolically active hormone. Eight indications for therapeutic use have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and a large number of clinical trials have been undertaken in multiple other conditions for which short stature in childhood is a sign. The future predicts other clinical indications for growth hormone therapy (and perhaps other components of the GH?IGF-1 axis), longer-acting analogues and perhaps a more physiologic method of administration as virtually all methods at present are far from physiologic.

International determination of the total motion of the pole

1961 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Wm. Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Secular Motion ◽  
The Future

A symposium on the future of the International Latitude Service (I. L. S.) is to be held in Helsinki in July 1960. My report for the symposium consists of two parts. Part I, denoded (Mk I) was published [1] earlier in 1960 under the title “Latitude and Longitude, and the Secular Motion of the Pole”. Part II is the present paper, denoded (Mk II).

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