Role of Vitamin D in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (41) ◽  
pp. 4357-4367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loai Alzghoul
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder with heterogeneous etiology. Vitamin D can function as a fat-soluble vitamin as well as a hormone, and can exert its effect through both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. In the last decades, several studies have examined the relationship between vitamin D levels and ASD. These studies demonstrated that low vitamin D status in early development has been hypothesized as an environmental risk factor for ASD. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency in early life can alter brain development, dysregulates neurotransmitter balance in the brain, decreases body and brain antioxidant ability, and alters the immune system in ways that resemble pathological features commonly seen in ASD. In this review, we focused on the association between vitamin D and ASD. In addition, the above-mentioned mechanisms of action that link vitamin D deficiency with ASD were also discussed. Finally, clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation treatment of ASD have also been discussed.

Vitamin D Deficiency and Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 2460-2474
Author(s):  
Martina Siracusano ◽  
Assia Riccioni ◽  
Roberta Abate ◽  
Arianna Benvenuto ◽  
Paolo Curatolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Core Symptoms

: Vitamin D is a neurosteroid hormone crucially involved in neurodevelopment. Neural cell proliferation, neurotransmission, oxidative stress and immune function represent the main mechanisms mediated by vitamin D in the Central Nervous System. Therefore, its deficiency during pregnancy and early childhood may significantly impact on a developing brain, leading to possible adverse neuropsychological outcomes including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Significant vitamin D deficiency is described within children affected by ASD and in pregnant mothers whose offspring will later develop ASD, suggesting a possible role of the hormone as a contributing risk factor in the etiopathogenesis of ASD. We reviewed the actual literature on the potential contributing role of prenatal and early postnatal vitamin D deficiency in ASD etiopathogenesis, at both genetic and environmental levels, and the possible effect of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Conflicting but promising results emerged on the topic. : Further Randomized Controlled Trials studies carried out during pregnancy and early infancy are necessary for better understanding the possible contribution of vitamin D deficiency in the etiopathogenesis of autism and the potential efficacy of the hormone supplementation in the improvement of ASD core symptoms.

scholarly journals The Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Monia Kittana ◽  
Asma Ahmadani ◽  
Lily Stojanovska ◽  
Amita Attlee
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Children With Asd

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present with persistent deficits in both social communication and interactions, along with the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors, resulting in significant impairment in significant areas of functioning. Children with ASD consistently reported significantly lower vitamin D levels than typically developing children. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency was found to be strongly correlated with ASD severity. Theoretically, vitamin D can affect neurodevelopment in children with ASD through its anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating the production of neurotrophins, decreasing the risk of seizures, and regulating glutathione and serotonin levels. A Title/Abstract specific search for publications on Vitamin D supplementation trials up to June 2021 was performed using two databases: PubMed and Cochrane Library. Twelve experimental studies were included in the synthesis of this review. Children with ASD reported a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. In general, it was observed that improved vitamin D status significantly reduced the ASD severity, however, this effect was not consistently different between the treatment and control groups. The variations in vitamin D dose protocols and the presence of concurrent interventions might provide an explanation for the variability of results. The age of the child for introducing vitamin D intervention was identified as a possible factor determining the effectiveness of the treatment. Common limitations included a small number of participants and a short duration of follow-ups in the selected studies. Long-term, well-designed randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm the effect of vitamin D on severity in children with ASD.

scholarly journals Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Vegelin ◽  
Gosia Teodorowicz ◽  
Huub F.J. Savelkoul
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

1,25(OH)2D is the hormonally active form of vitamin D known for its pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects. Via altering gene transcription, 1,25(OH)D exerts immunosuppressive effects and stimulates immune regulation. Recently, the interest in vitamin D in association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been triggered. The prevalence of ASD has increased excessively over the last few decades, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of the etiology of the disorder as well as to find better treatments. Vitamin D levels in ASD patients are observed to be lower compared to healthy individuals and maternal vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of ASD. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation improves ASD symptoms. These recent clinical findings strongly suggest that vitamin D is a factor in ASD onset and progression. Yet, possible mechanisms behind this association remain unknown. This review summarizes immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D and peripheral immune dysregulation in ASD, after which possible mechanisms via which vitamin D could rebalance the immune system in ASD are discussed. Although promising clinical results have been found, further research is necessary to draw conclusions about the effect and mechanisms behind the effect of vitamin D on ASD development.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1253-1258
Author(s):  
Budi Kristianto ◽  
Nining Febriyana ◽  
Royke Tony Kalalo
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Relationship

The tendency for autism spectrum disorders or also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is increasing globally, even becoming 1 per 54 in 2016. Until now, the cause of autism is not known for certain, ASD is considered to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One of the environmental factors in this case is related to nutrition, one of which is vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is often found among children with ASD. Several studies have shown that vitamin D is involved in various brain bioprocesses including neuromodulation and nerve transmission and brain function while also influencing inflammatory processes, autoimmune disorders, oxidative stress and also neurotransmitters that are widely associated with the possibility of ASD. This review aims to describe vitamin D deficiency may contribute to ASD disorders. Based on this, in the future, it is necessary to consider when treating patients with ASD to consider the need to check the patient's vitamin D levels and if there is a deficiency it can be advised to sunbathe and or be given additional vitamin D intake.

scholarly journals Rickets treatment improves more than bone health in toddler with autism spectrum disorder: A brief report

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2050313X1987002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah D Stalnaker ◽  
Priya Prasher ◽  
Susan Flesher
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder

Children with autism spectrum disorder have been found to have lower levels of vitamin D than their peers. Our case report supports the hypothesis that vitamin D may be an effective treatment for developmental delay in autism. In addition, we review the literature surrounding vitamin D deficiency as a potential cause of autism spectrum disorder and the role that vitamin D may play in treatment.

Bench to bedside review: Possible role of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 260 ◽  
pp. 360-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiyong Jia ◽  
Ling Shan ◽  
Bing Wang ◽  
Honghua Li ◽  
Chunyue Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder

scholarly journals Hypovitaminosis D as a risk factor for severe autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-8
Author(s):  
Diyah Rakanita Undang ◽  
Mei Neni Sitaresmi ◽  
Roni Naning
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Hypovitaminosis D ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

Background Vitamin D is an important risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, research on hypovitaminosis D as a risk factor for severe ASD  has been limited. To our knowledge, no such studies have been done in Indonesia. Objective To evaluate hypovitaminosis D as a risk factor for severe ASD. Methods This cross-sectional study included children aged 2-18 years who fulfilled the ASD DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Subjects were consecutively sampled from April - June 2019 at the Child Growth and Polyclinic, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta. Assessment of ASD severity was carried out using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale Second Edition (CARS-2) questionnaire. Serum 25(OH)D examination was done in the Clinical Laboratory, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital.  Results Of 36 children with ASD, 36.1% had hypovitaminosis D (<30 ng/mL) and 69.4% had severe ASD, based on the CARS-2 questionnaire (≥37-60). Bivariate analysis revealed that children with hypovitaminosis D had more severe CARS-2 values ​​(92.3%) compared to those with normal vitamin D levels (56.5%) (PR 1.633; 95%CI 1.10 to 2.42; P=0.031). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression revealed that hypovitaminosis D increased the risk of severe ASD (PR 1.65; 95%CI 1.06 to 2.56; P=0.037). However, other variables such as gender, parental education, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, sleep disorders, pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacotherapy had no significant relationships with severe ASD. Conclusion Children with ASD and hypovitaminosis D have a 1.65 times higher risk of severe ASD compared to children with ASD and sufficient vitamin D levels. We recommend that children with ASD undergo serum 25(OH)D monitoring.

scholarly journals VITAMIN D TRENDS IN THE PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDIC POPULATION: A SURVEY

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0013
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Williams ◽  
Michael Horan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Orthopaedic Literature ◽  
Pediatric Orthopaedic

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a global issue, affecting adults and children of all ages, races and genders. Within the last decade, multiple studies have demonstrated the potential health benefits of vitamin D supplementation including improved bone health, reduced fracture risk, protection from autoimmune disease, and decreased cancer risk. Because of the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pediatric populations despite recent evidence of increased vitamin D supplementation in the US, our goal is to assess the knowledge of current vitamin D recommendations among Pediatric Society of North America (POSNA) members. It is our purpose to use the data to increase awareness and understanding of vitamin D amongst all pediatric providers. Methods: Our survey was distributed to 1316 POSNA members via a series of 2 email requests in which they were invited to participate in the survey on the Survey Monkey website. Their participation was entirely voluntary and they agreed to participate by responding positively on the first page of the survey. The data was depersonalized and analyzed via chi square and Fisher’s exact testing. Results: 395 responses were recorded. 9 participants opted out of the survey. 69% of participants rated their vitamin D knowledge as fair to good. 68% of participants have been in practice over ten years and represented most US geographic regions fairly equally. Most estimate that over 25% of their practice is vitamin D deficient with about a 50% compliance rate of supplementation. Over 30% of participants feel vitamin D management is mostly the role of the pediatrician, however 64% of participants discuss or check vitamin D levels in their practice for patients with repeat fractures, medical comorbidities, or nonunions most commonly. Conclusion: Survey participants demonstrated a wide variety of responses indicating their understanding of vitamin D testing and supplementation. Although providers estimate a high deficiency rate, many do not routinely check vitamin D. When they do check, there is no standard indication for testing or supplementation and many believe this to be the role of the pediatrician or endocrinologist. More studies are needed to provide a standardized protocol for vitamin D testing/supplementation in the pediatric orthopaedic literature.

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