Human Papillomavirus Selected Properties and Related Cervical Cancer Prevention Issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 2073-2086
Author(s):  
Saule Balmagambetova ◽  
Andrea Tinelli ◽  
Ospan A. Mynbaev ◽  
Arip Koyshybaev ◽  
Olzhas Urazayev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Screening Programs

High-risk human papillomavirus strains are widely known to be the causative agents responsible for cervical cancer development. Aggregated damage caused by papillomaviruses solely is estimated in at least 5% of all malignancies of the human body and 16% in cancers that affect the female genital area. Enhanced understanding of the complex issue on how the high extent of carcinogenicity is eventually formed due to the infection by the Papoviridae family would contribute to enhancing current prevention strategies not only towards cervical cancer, but also other HPV associated cancers. This review article is aimed at presenting the key points in two directions: the current cervical cancer prevention and related aspects of HPV behavior. Virtually all applied technologies related to HPV diagnostics and screening programs, such as HPV tests, colposcopy-based tests (VIA/VILI), conventional and liquid-based cytology, currently available are presented. Issues of availability, advantages, and drawbacks of the screening programs, as well as vaccination strategies, are also reviewed in the article based on the analyzed sources. The current point of view regarding HPV is discussed with emphasis on the most problematic aspect of the HPV family concerning the observed increasing number of highly carcinogenic types. Present trends in HPV infection diagnostics throughout the human fluids and tissues are also reported, including the latest novelties in this field, such as HPV assay/self-sample device combinations. Besides, a brief outline of the related prevention issues in Kazakhstan, the leading country of Central Asia, is presented. Kazakhstan, as one of the post-soviet middle-income countries, may serve as an example of the current situation in those terrains, concerning the implementation of globally accepted cervical cancer prevention strategies. Along with positive achievements, such as the development of a nationwide screening program, a range of drawbacks is also analyzed and discussed.

Cervical Cancer Screening in Tuscany: A Survey of the Actual State of Cervical Cancer Prevention in the Local Sanitary Units of the Tuscan Region

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Cecchini ◽  
Grazia Grazzini ◽  
Stefano Ciatto
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Screening Programs

Every Local Sanitary Unit (USL) of the Tuscan Region was contacted to define screening variables, such as adequacy of the staff involved in prevention, smear technique, data collection and evaluation, laboratory quality control, and modalities of invitations to screening. The reported data show that 21 of 40 USL, but only 9 of 28 USL outside the Florence province (where a common screening program is performed), are performing active invitations to screening. The most serious staff inadequacies concern data evaluation and personnel performing the test. Sixteen of 28 USL outside Florence suggest an annual rescreening, which causes overcrowding of services and a poor availability for the unscreened population. Moreover, the poor quality of data collection makes it impossible to evaluate the benefit offered by the screening programs in the 28 USL outside Florence. Cytologic quality control is often lacking, and the smear technique is inadequate in 10 of 28 USL outside Florence. The lack in the USL of epidemiologic competence and of cost/benefit considerations and the need for political decisions about cancer prevention programs are stressed.

scholarly journals High Acceptability of Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Among Nonattenders of a Public Cervical Cancer Screening Program in El Salvador

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 13s-13s
Author(s):  
Mauricio Maza ◽  
Mario Melendez ◽  
Miriam Cremer ◽  
Rachel Masch ◽  
Todd Alonzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Hpv Test

Abstract 29 Purpose In high-income countries, human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling has been demonstrated to increase adherence to cervical cancer prevention initiatives in underscreened women. El Salvador recently completed the Cervical Cancer Prevention in El Salvador (CAPE) program using a high-risk HPV test as the screening method. Although successful, 12% of targeted women did not attend their screening appointments. HPV self-sampling may offer the opportunity to reach these nonattending women. In the current study, we evaluated HPV self-sampling as a way to increase screening among CAPE nonattenders and to report factors that impact self-sampling acceptability in a low- to middle-income country. Methods Nonattending and underscreened women age 30 to 59 years from the Paracentral region of El Salvador were invited to participate (N = 2,019). Women were visited at home and offered self-sampling with an HPV test. Women who provided consent also received a series of questionnaires to collect demographic and test acceptability data. After tests were analyzed, women were provided with results during another home visit. HPV-positive women were asked to make an appointment at a local clinic to undergo colposcopy, biopsy, and, if eligible, cryotherapy treatment. Women with contraindications for cryotherapy were referred to appropriate treatment or follow-up. Results Of 1,989 eligible women, 94% accepted the HPV self-sampled test. Of these, 11.8% (n = 221) tested positive. All but 13 women attended the colposcopy appointment, and 190 women received cryotherapy. Biopsy results revealed low-grade precancer in 6.3% of women, whereas 12.6% received diagnoses of high-grade precancer. Reasons for not attending the original CAPE appointment included logistic concerns, but also discomfort with male providers, confidentiality fears, and misconceptions regarding HPV, cervical cancer, and the screening procedure. Conclusion HPV self-sampling was shown to be overwhelmingly acceptable to nonattending and underscreened rural women in El Salvador. This method may be a feasible alternative that circumvents barriers to cervical cancer screening in low- to middle-income countries. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors

scholarly journals Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Acceptability of Prevention Strategies Among HPV-Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Adolescents in Eldoret, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 196s-196s ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mburu ◽  
P. Itsura
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Barrier Method ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Primary prevention of cervical cancer with the introduction of the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines is the next generation means to reduction of the disease burden in developing countries. Sexually active adolescents have the highest rates of prevalent and incident HPV infection rates with over 50%–80% having infections within 12 months of initiating intercourse. From May 2012 to March 2013, through the Gardasil Access Program, Eldoret received 9600 vaccine doses and vaccinated over 3000 girls aged 9-14. Despite this, there is little information on the knowledge of cervical cancer among adolescents and their amenability to accepting cervical cancer prevention strategies. Aim: To compare the knowledge of cervical cancer and acceptability of prevention strategies among vaccinated and nonvaccinated adolescents after an HPV vaccination initiative in Eldoret, Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study carried out in 6 public schools which were clustered into 2 groups of 2. 60 vaccinated and 120 nonvaccinated adolescents were randomly selected from each of the schools by proportionate allocation. IREC approval obtained and signed consent got from the parents. Data collection was then carried out using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Results: The median age of the participants was 14.0 (IQR: 13.0-15.0). Of 60 vaccinated adolescents, 56 (93.3%) had heard of the HPV vaccine compared with 6 (5%) of unvaccinated participants ( P < 0.001). Fifty-eight (96.7%) of vaccinated participants heard of cervical cancer compared with 61 (50.8%) unvaccinated participants ( P < 0.001). The participants were not different in their knowledge of risk factors for developing cervical cancer or its symptoms but overall, the vaccinated participants had a significantly higher knowledge score compared with the unvaccinated participants 14.4 (95% CI: 12.2-16.7). Both cohorts identified the school as the commonest source of information for health matters as compared with social media or hospitals. The 2 groups also showed similarity in their selection of cervical cancer prevention strategies acceptable to them like delaying sexual debut until after the teenage years and frequency of using barrier method for protection against sexually transmitted infections. Similar proportions of participants from both cohorts showed high acceptability of screening modalities for cervical cancer (85% vs 86.7%, P = 0.940). Of the unvaccinated participants, 63.7% expressed willingness to be vaccinated. Conclusion: Exposure to the HPV vaccine was associated with a higher knowledge of cervical cancer. The adolescents predominantly rely on the school for their information. They show remarkable acceptability for cervical cancer prevention strategies but are limited by the dearth of information they have.

Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) carriage in a cross-sectional, multiethnic, community-based female Asian population

2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Pei Khoo ◽  
Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy ◽  
Siew Hwei Yap ◽  
Mohd Khairul Anwar Shafii ◽  
Nazrilla Hairizan Nasir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hpv Prevalence

ObjectivesCervical cancer is a largely preventable disease, and the strategic implementation of a cervical cancer prevention programme is partly dependent on the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection interpreted within the context of the country’s sociodemographic attributes. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of cervicovaginal HPV infection among a healthy, community-based, multiethnic Malaysian population. The HPV prevalence was subsequently correlated to the individual’s sociodemographics and sexual/reproductive history. Of significance, the observed prevalence captured was in a birth cohort not included in the national school-based HPV vaccination programme.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study where 1293 healthy women aged between 18 and 60 years were recruited via convenience sampling from five community-based clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. Cervicovaginal self-samples were obtained and DNA was extracted for HPV detection and genotyping. A comprehensive questionnaire was administered to determine the sociodemographics and behavioural patterns of participants.ResultsThe median age at enrolment was 37 years old (IQR: 30–47). In total, 86/1190 (7.2%) of the samples collected were positive for HPV infection, with the highest HPV prevalence (11.9%) detected in the subgroup of 18–24 years old. The top three most prevalent HPV genotypes were HPV 16, 52 and 58. The independent risk factors associated with higher rates of HPV infection included Indian ethnicity, widowed status and women with partners who are away from home for long periods and/or has another sexual partner.ConclusionsThe overall prevalence of HPV infection in this Malaysian multiethnic population was 7.2%, with 6.5% being high-risk genotypes. The top three most common high-risk HPV types were HPV 16, 52 and 58. This information is important for the planning of primary (HPV vaccination) and secondary (screening) cervical cancer prevention programmes in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Working towards a comprehensive understanding of HPV and cervical cancer among Indigenous women: a qualitative systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e050113
Author(s):  
Sneha Sethi ◽  
Brianna Poirier ◽  
Karen Canfell ◽  
Megan Smith ◽  
Gail Garvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Social Ecological Model ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Social Ecological

RationaleIndigenous peoples carry a disproportionate burden of infectious diseases and cancers and are over-represented among the socially disadvantaged of most countries. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor and causative agent of cervical, oropharyngeal and other cancers. Recent literature shows evidence of Indigenous populations being at increased risk of HPV infections and its associated cancers.ObjectiveThis is a qualitative systematic review. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences and barriers Indigenous women face in relation to HPV awareness, knowledge and cervical screening, in order to better understand factors that may mitigate against or facilitate prevention efforts for HPV infection and associated cancers.MethodsTwo investigators independently searched MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (for articles published from inception until 30 June 2020) using a prespecified search strategy to identify qualitative studies on narratives of Indigenous women regarding HPV infection awareness, knowledge and cervical screening, across all geographic and income-level settings. Using a ‘meta-study’ approach, a social ecological model of cervical screening, infection and associated cancer prevention among Indigenous populations was formulated.ResultsFive core themes were identified and formulated within the social ecological model; intrapersonal factors, interpersonal factors, institutional/organisational factors, sociocultural/community factors and public policy. These collectively formed the proposed social ecological model of HPV infection awareness and cervical cancer prevention among Indigenous women. This model has been synthesised by taking into account personal stories of Indigenous women and healthcare workers, thus offering a more nuanced, organised, structured and culturally sensitive approach to policy translation.ConclusionThe social ecological model of HPV infection awareness and cervical cancer prevention among Indigenous women offers a holistic and practical approach for Indigenous health policy makers. It clearly addresses the high risk of Indigenous populations at a global level in experience of both HPV infection and HPV-related cancers.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020207643.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document