A study of knowledge, awareness, and acceptance of contraception among reproductive age women at tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad

Background: India is projected to be the most populous country according to United Nations’ report; therefore, the knowledge and awareness of contraceptive methods is of utmost important for small family norms and to increase inter-pregnancy interval, so that we can achieve optimum maternal and child outcomes. This study was conducted to assess knowledge, awareness, and acceptance of contraceptive methods among reproductive-age women during Corona pandemic.Methods: A prospective observational questionnaire-based study involving 513 women belonging to the 15-49 years of age group were interviewed with consent. This was a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study regarding socio-demographic profile, knowledge, awareness, and acceptance of the contraceptive method.Results: Statistical analysis of data was done by using chi-square and percentage. Out of 513 participants, 63 participants were not using any method of contraception. Barrier method is the most commonly preferred method of contraception. There was significant association of education of women and husband, occupation with usage of contraception (p<0.001, p=0.016 and p<0.001). During corona pandemic acceptance of tubal ligation had taken a hit.Conclusions: During corona pandemic barrier method and oral contraceptive pills were preferred methods. In comparison with pre-COVID era data, tubal ligation was least preferred method. Acceptance of IUCD and Injectable contraception remained same. Higher education level and better financial status had correlation with increased awareness and acceptance of contraceptive methods.

Determination of Awareness Knowledge and Acceptability of Family Planning Methods in Postpartum Women in Tertiary Care Centre

Contraceptives unlock one of the most dormant, but potentially powerful assets in the development of women as the decision-maker. When women have the power to make choices about their families, they tend to decide precisely what demographers, economists and development experts recommend. They invest in the long-term human capital of their families…. Melinda Gates. India is the second most populous country in the world. There has been an increase in contraceptive prevalence and a reduction in total fertility rate since the launch of National Family Welfare Program in 1951. For better results, contraceptive use should start right from the postpartum period. Keeping it in mind, the study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among the postpartum women. It was prospective and observational study in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of Government medical college and hospital, Kota between 1 July 2020 to 31 December 2020. Study was conducted on 4480 postpartum women who delivered in this institution and came for follow-up. Women were interrogated and counselled regarding various methods of contraception using a preformed questionnaire. Their knowledge and attitude about contraception were assessed. Only 60.04% women were aware about various methods of contraception. This awareness increased with increasing education, parity and better socioeconomic class. Awareness was maximum for Sterilization (90%) followed by barrier method (80%) and intrauterine contraceptive device (76%). Health care system (43.86%) and media communication (34.57%) was most common source of awareness. After counselling 81.02% women had accepted contraceptive method. The main reason for non acceptance of contraception was desire of more children. Contraceptive services can be strengthened by incorporating with antenatal services and providing post-partum contraceptive counseling.

Computation of optimal transport with finite volumes

We construct Two-Point Flux Approximation (TPFA) finite volume schemes to solve the quadratic optimal transport problem in its dynamic form, namely the problem originally introduced by Benamou and Brenier. We show numerically that these type of discretizations are prone to form instabilities in their more natural implementation, and we propose a variation based on nested meshes in order to overcome these issues. Despite the lack of strict convexity of the problem, we also derive quantitative estimates on the convergence of the method, at least for the discrete potential and the discrete cost. Finally, we introduce a strategy based on the barrier method to solve the discrete optimization problem.

Trust-Region Based Penalty Barrier Algorithm for Constrained Nonlinear Programming Problems: An Application of Design of Minimum Cost Canal Sections

In this paper, a penalty method is used together with a barrier method to transform a constrained nonlinear programming problem into an unconstrained nonlinear programming problem. In the proposed approach, Newton’s method is applied to the barrier Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. To ensure global convergence from any starting point, a trust-region globalization strategy is used. A global convergence theory of the penalty–barrier trust-region (PBTR) algorithm is studied under four standard assumptions. The PBTR has new features; it is simpler, has rapid convergerce, and is easy to implement. Numerical simulation was performed on some benchmark problems. The proposed algorithm was implemented to find the optimal design of a canal section for minimum water loss for a triangle cross-section application. The results are promising when compared with well-known algorithms.

Non-Hormonal Contraceptive Device with Multiple Uses: Increases The Effectiveness of Fertility Awareness Methods and Controls Stress Incontinence

This article addresses three unmet women’s reproductive health needs, and how the FemCap can fulfill these needs. The FemCap is an FDA-approved, non-hormonal contraceptive device that can accommodate some deficient areas of women’s health: 1. A scarcity of hormone-free contraceptive methods. 2. Enhancement of fertility awareness method that is infrequently used but is the safest method. 3. Help Millions of women who suffer silently from stress urinary incontinence. The FemCap blocks sperm from entering the cervix. It is time-tested to be safe and effective for contraception. Using the FemCap directly at the cervix, it can collect the fertile cervical mucus without mixing it with any other vaginal fluid. Current pessaries used to treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI) have significant drawbacks, including displacement, erosion, ulceration, of the vagina and urethral blockage. The rim of the FemCap performs the same function as the ring pessary by supporting the bladder neck. The outward flared brim restores the urethra and vaginal anatomy. At the same time, the bowl of the FemCap keep the cervix from prolapsing further. The FemCap is a long-established barrier method of contraception, and pilot studies results show it can improve fertility awareness methods and manage Stress Urinary Incontinence. It would be ideal and cost-effective to have a single reusable device with several functions for contraceptives, increasing the acceptability and effectiveness of fertility awareness methods, and stress urinary incontinence control. The FemCap would be an ideal alternative to the condom.

Use of Contraceptive Methods among Pakistani Women in Southern Punjab and Perception about their Effectiveness

Objective: To study the general trends about the use of different contraceptive methods among rural and urban women; and ascertain their perception about the effectiveness of contraceptives and associate desire forfertility, parity, and birth control measures among the women of rural and urban areas.Study Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study.Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in the Gynecology department of Mukhtar. A Sheikh Hospital, Multan from 3th of October 2019 to 3th of March 2020.Materials and Methods: A total of 200 women aged between 31-41 years and varying literacy rates wereincluded in the study. The participants belonged to both rural and urban areas and interviewed for theirdesirability for fertility. Negative responses were asked further probed regarding their perspective aboutcontraception and preferred method. Data was analyzed on SPSS software 23.0.Results: Out of 200 female patients, 75% urban and 65.4% rural women expressed no desire for fertility, Thecontraceptive utilization was reported 91.6% among urban and 76.9% among rural women. Among the ruraland urban users of contraceptives, the barrier method was the most frequently used method with thepercentage of 50% and 42.3%, respectively. Among women with parity less than or equal to 3, 61.5% had nodesire for fertility and 56.4% were using the barrier method while all the women (31.4%) with parity greaterthan 3 expressed no desire for fertility and were using copper IUDs for contraception. Although, 30.4% of urbanwomen regarded contraception methods as most effective yet only 18.8% found them completely effective.Conclusion: The prevalence rate of contraception in Pakistan has drastically risen among both rural and urbanwomen but traditional barrier methods remain the frequent method of use. However, majority still believe thatcontraceptive methods are not effective. Therefore, awareness campaigns should be launched to increase theiracceptability and eliminate myths.

Dynamics of contraceptive use among women attending multi-speciality hospital in Faridabad district of Haryana

Background: Population of India is growing at a very fast rate while its resources are limited which will lead to decrease in per capita availability of resources. Contraceptive methods are the simplest way to address this issue of population explosion by preventing the unwanted pregnancies. The objective of this study was to assess awareness and practices regarding contraceptive use and its determinants among women attending gynecology OPD of multi-specialty hospital in Faridabad district of Haryana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was planned among 200 patients from gynecology OPD in a multi-specialty hospital of Faridabad district of Haryana. The questionnaire consisted of questions about socio-demographic data and data related contractive awareness and practices. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 21.0.Results: Mean age of study subjects was 29.4±4.3 years. Out of 200 participants, about one fourth (77.5%) were aware about contraception and more than half (59.5%) of them were using contraception methods. Factors like age and education status, occupation and area of residence were found to be statistically significantly (p<0.001) associated with contraception knowledge and practice. Barrier method was most common method of contraception followed by Oral contraceptive pills.Conclusions: This study concludes that knowledge about contraception was high as about one fourth (77.5%) were aware about contraception while practice of contraception was relatively low as compare to knowledge as two fifth (40.5%) of them were not using any contraception methods. So, there is a need to increase awareness about importance of contraception practice among study population.

FAMILY PLANNING KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS CONTRACEPTION

Background: This paper presents the findings of a qualitative assessment aimed at exploring knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding family planning and factors that influence the need for and use of modern contraceptives. Educational interventions can help increase knowledge of available contraceptive methods, enabling individuals to make informed decisions and use contraception more effectively .This systematic review evaluated contraceptive education interventions to guide national recommendations on quality family planning services. Material and method: This descriptive study using Cross-sectional survey was carried among reproductive age group women of 15-45 year in sir t hospital bhavnagar. Results: This study shows most common contraceptive method used by patients is cupper –t (33.33%) followed by oc pills (19.16%), barrier method (15.83%), behavioral method (14.16%), and sterilization method (13.33) Least method used by patients is injectable DMPA (4.16%)