Challenges And Opportunities Of Nanotechnological Based Approach For The Treatment Of Tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goutam Rath ◽  
Deepak Pradhan ◽  
Goutam Ghosh ◽  
Amit K. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Particle Engineering ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Poor Patient Compliance ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Specific Accumulation ◽  
Resistance Patterns

: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, because of its unique biochemical behavior and a complex host relationship, successfully evades the host immune system. Therefore, chemotherapy appears to be the first-line option for patients with tuberculosis. However, poor patient compliance with anti-tubercular treatment and variability in anti-tubercular drug pharmacokinetics are among the major driving factors for the emergence of drug resistance. The rising cases of extrapulmonary TB, cross-resistance patterns, high prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV co-infections make tuberculosis treatment more complicated than conventional multidrug therapy. Due to their distinct advantages like higher solubility, increased payload, controlled release profiles, tissue-specific accumulation, and lack of toxicity, Nanoscale materials have immense potential for drug delivery applications. An appropriate selection of polymer and careful particle engineering further improves therapeutic outcomes with opportunities to overcome conventional anti-tubercular drugs' challenges. The present review introduces the prospect of using nanotechnology in tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy and provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nanocarriers implied for delivering anti-tubercular drugs.

scholarly journals ClpP Protease, a Promising Antimicrobial Target

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Moreno-Cinos ◽  
Kenneth Goossens ◽  
Irene G. Salado ◽  
Pieter Van Der Veken ◽  
Hans De Winter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Caseinolytic Protease ◽  
Pathogen Fitness

The caseinolytic protease proteolytic subunit (ClpP) is a serine protease playing an important role in proteostasis of eukaryotic organelles and prokaryotic cells. Alteration of ClpP function has been proved to affect the virulence and infectivity of a number of pathogens. Increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a global problem and new classes of antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are needed. In this regard, ClpP has emerged as an attractive and potentially viable option to tackle pathogen fitness without suffering cross-resistance to established antibiotic classes and, when not an essential target, without causing an evolutionary selection pressure. This opens a greater window of opportunity for the host immune system to clear the infection by itself or by co-administration with commonly prescribed antibiotics. A comprehensive overview of the function, regulation and structure of ClpP across the different organisms is given. Discussion about mechanism of action of this protease in bacterial pathogenesis and human diseases are outlined, focusing on the compounds developed in order to target the activation or inhibition of ClpP.

scholarly journals Drug Delivery by Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135
Author(s):  
Kristin Entzian ◽  
Achim Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Safety Considerations

Conventional cancer chemotherapies often exhibit insufficient therapeutic outcomes and dose-limiting toxicity. Therefore, there is a need for novel therapeutics and formulations with higher efficacy, improved safety, and more favorable toxicological profiles. This has promoted the development of nanomedicines, including systems for drug delivery, but also for imaging and diagnostics. Nanoparticles loaded with drugs can be designed to overcome several biological barriers to improving efficiency and reducing toxicity. In addition, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers are able to release their payload on demand at the tumor tissue site, preventing premature drug loss. This review focuses on ultrasound-triggered drug delivery by nanocarriers as a versatile, cost-efficient, non-invasive technique for improving tissue specificity and tissue penetration, and for achieving high drug concentrations at their intended site of action. It highlights aspects relevant for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery, including ultrasound parameters and resulting biological effects. Then, concepts in ultrasound-mediated drug delivery are introduced and a comprehensive overview of several types of nanoparticles used for this purpose is given. This includes an in-depth compilation of the literature on the various in vivo ultrasound-responsive drug delivery systems. Finally, toxicological and safety considerations regarding ultrasound-mediated drug delivery with nanocarriers are discussed.

scholarly journals 2 chlorodeoxyadenosine activity and cross resistance patterns in primary cultures of human hematologic neoplasms

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Nagourney ◽  
SS Evans ◽  
JC Messenger ◽  
YZ Su ◽  
LM Weisenthal
Keyword(s):  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Hematologic Neoplasms ◽  
Resistance Patterns

scholarly journals Restriction endonuclease characterization of resistant plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from children in the Sudan

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Shears ◽  
G. Suliman ◽  
C. A. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Restriction Endonuclease ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Reproducible Method ◽  
Restriction Endonuclease Digest

SUMMARYThe investigation of plasmid similarity is an important component in the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and in the detection of epidemic plasmids. The use of restriction endonucleases in the classification of transferable, multiply-resistant plasmids from faecal Enterobacteriaceae isolated at the Children's Emergency Hospital, Khartoum was investigated. Twenty-four transconjugant plasmids, coding for 11 different resistance patterns, each of molecular weight 62 MDa. were studied using four restriction enzymes;PstI,EcoR I,HindIII andAraII. Fifteen different digest profiles were obtained. Restriction profiles discriminated between plasmids with differing resistance patterns and demonstrated homology of plasmids with common resistance patterns. Restriction endonuclease digest patterns provide a potentially rapid and reproducible method of plasmid classification, that could contribute towards surveillance systems in tropical countries with a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Resistance and differential susceptibility of Bidens pilosa and B. subalternans biotypes to ALS-inhibiting herbicides

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Fernando López-Ovejero ◽  
Saul Jorge Pinto de Carvalho ◽  
Marcelo Nicolai ◽  
Aluana Gonçalves Abreu ◽  
Maria Tereza Grombone-Guaratini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Bidens Pilosa ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Chlorimuron Ethyl ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Diverse Groups

The frequent application of herbicides in agricultural areas may select resistant biotypes in weed populations, whose biological characteristics influence the speed and patterns of resistance. This research aims to charactere, simultaneously, resistance patterns and differential susceptibility of Bidens pilosa and B. subalternans biotypes to ALS-inhibiting herbicides of the imidazolinone and sulfonylurea chemical groups. Six hairy beggarticks biotypes, four suspected resistant and two known susceptible, were treated with eight rates of chlorimuron-ethyl or imazethapyr, in greenhouse conditions. Percent control and percent fresh weight of the plants were evaluated at 28 days after the application. B. subalternans is less susceptible to ALS-inhibiting herbicides than B. pilosa; B. subalternans biotypes were more resistant than B. pilosa biotypes; there are B. pilosa and B. subalternans biotypes with cross resistance to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides of the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone groups; there are different patterns of cross resistance to the diverse groups of ALS-inhibiting herbicides.

Characterization of cross-resistance patterns in acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistant wild oat (Avena fatua)

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Bourgeois ◽  
Norm C. Kenkel ◽  
Ian N. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Pairwise Correlation ◽  
Resistance Patterns

The purpose of this study was to determine cross-resistance patterns among wild oat lines resistant to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors and to determine which, if any, cross-resistant type was more common than another. Discriminatory concentrations of two aryloxyphenoxy-propionates (APP) and three cyclohexanediones (CHD) were determined using a petri-dish bioassay. These concentrations were then applied to 82 resistant wild oat lines identified in previous studies. In addition, two resistant standards (UM1 and UM33) and a susceptible standard (UM5) were included in the experiments. Coleoptile lengths expressed as percentages of untreated controls were used to assess the level of resistance to each herbicide. Large variations were observed among wild oat lines and herbicides. However, cluster analysis summarized the relationship between the five herbicides (variables) and the wild oat lines into three main cross-resistance types. Type A included wild oat lines with high resistance to APP herbicides and no or low resistance to CHD herbicides. Types B and C included those with low to moderate resistant and high levels of resistance to all five herbicides, respectively. Type C was the most common cross-resistance type. Relationships among herbicides were determined using pairwise correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). All correlations were high between APP herbicides and between CHD herbicides but not between APP and CHD herbicides. The first two axes of the PCA accounted for 88.4% of the total variance, with the first axis correlated to the CHD herbicides and the second axis correlated to the APP herbicides. In the PCA, wild oat lines were segregated into the three types identified in the cluster analysis. Although CHD and APP herbicides bind at the same region on the ACCase, resistant wild oat lines respond differently to them.

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