An Evidence-Based Review of Antitussive Herbs Containing Essential Oils in Traditional Persian Medicine

Background: Cough is one of the most common medical symptoms for which medical advice is sought. Although cough is a protective reflex responsible for clearing the airways from secretions and foreign bodies, it can be a troublesome symptom that causes discomfort to patients. Due to the increasing interest in herbal remedies in the both developed and developing countries, in the current study, we aimed to overview medicinal herbs containing essential oils used as antitussive agents according to the Traditional Persian Medicine [TPM] textbooks. We summarized the relevant scientific evidence on their possible pharmacological actions. Methods: To collect the evidence for treatment of cough or “seaal” [cough in ancient books] from TPM sources, five main medicinal Persian manuscripts were studied. The antitussive herbs were listed and their scientific names were identified and authenticated in accordance with botanical reference books. ScienceDirect and PubMed online databases were searched for related mechanisms of action of the reported medicinal plants. Results: The number of 49 herbs containing essential oils were recommended in TPM for the treatment of cough; 21 of them had at least one known mechanism of action for cough suppression in the scientific literature. According to this review, most of the cited medicinal plants were assessed for either nitric oxide inhibitory or antitussive/expectorant activities. Conclusion: In addition to advantageous effects of antitussive herbs noted by TPM, the present review highlighted some recent evidence-based data on these promising candidates that could be used as an outline for future research on their medicinal use.

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An Evidence-Based Study on Medicinal Plants for Hemorrhoids in Medieval Persia

Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1177/2156587216688597 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 969-981 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mohammad Hashem Hashempur ◽

Fatemeh Khademi ◽

Maryam Rahmanifard ◽

Mohammad M. Zarshenas

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Conventional Medicine ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Herbal Remedies ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Traditional Medicines ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Persian Medicine ◽

Traditional Persian Medicine

Hemorrhoids is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. There are several therapeutic options associated with some complications. Therefore, researchers look for traditional medicines as a potential resource for introduction of new natural drugs. The current study reports an evidence-based review of herbal remedies for hemorrhoids in traditional Persian medicine. A comprehensive survey about hemorrhoids on the most important manuscripts of traditional Persian medicine was done. Then, scientific data banks were searched for possible related properties of each herb in the conventional medicine. We reported some historical aspects of traditional Persian medicine view on classification, examination, and predisposing factors of hemorrhoids. In addition, we have reported 105 medicinal plants belonging to 51 families. More than half of the reported herbs exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Although lack of human studies regarding the mentioned herbs is noted, positive results from experimental findings can be considered for new drug discovery supported by traditional and medieval experiences.

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Immunomodulatory effects of medicinal plants used for vitiligo in traditional Persian medicine..

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163817666200517115438 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Mohsen Haghir Ebrahimabadi ◽

Seyede Nargess Sadati Lamardi ◽

Laila Shirbeigi

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

New Drugs ◽

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Scientific Databases ◽

White Spots ◽

Persian Medicine ◽

Traditional Persian Medicine ◽

New Research

Background: Vitiligo is a hypopigmentation disorder that affects 1% of the world's population. Vitiligo causes white spots on the skin, mucous membranes, or white hair by destroying skin melanocytes. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is unknown, but autoimmune, autocytotoxic, and neural mechanisms are suggested. According to the autoimmune theory, in people with vitiligo, immune cells invade and damage melanocytes. T cells are more commonly present in vitiligo patients' skin and remain in the lesion site, which is composed of CD8 and CD4 T cells. Many studies have been conducted on the presence and role of cytokines such as interleukins and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in the vitiligo process. Aim: This study aimed to introduce herbs effective against vitiligo from the perspective of Persian medicine and to investigate their possible therapeutic mechanisms with the possible effects of herbs on autoimmune mechanisms. Methods: For this purpose, keywords were used to extract data from Persian medicine textbooks, and then relevant scientific databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were examined. Results: It was found that Persian medicine scholars used 50 different medicinal plants to treat and reduce the complications of vitiligo, and recent scientific studies have the proven immune-regulating properties and reducing effect of many of them on cytokines. Conclusion: According to scientific evidence on immunomodulatory effects, new research into the effects of these plants on vitiligo can lead to the discovery of new drugs and approaches for treating this disease.

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An Evidence-based Study on Pharmacological Treatments of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on Traditional Persian Medicine

Current Traditional Medicine ◽

10.2174/2215083805666190902114137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 188-202

Author(s):

Fatemeh Sadat Hasheminasab ◽

Haleh Tajadini ◽

Mohammad Setayesh

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Persian Medicine ◽

Traditional Persian Medicine ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent liver diseases regarded as the primary cause of chronic liver disease, which may lead to hepatic failure. Despite the recent developments in the treatment of NAFLD, the necessity to find more efficient treatments has led to investigation on medicinal plants. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) is one of the oldest medical schools in the world. For treatment of NAFLD, different medicinal plants have been employed in TPM. Objective: Considering the public welcome for herbal medicines, the current evidence-based review study is conducted to investigate herbal remedies for NAFLD in TPM. Methods: Medicinal plants for treating NFALD were extracted according to three famous textbooks of Persian medicine. Then anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of these medicinal plants were investigated according to modern medicine. For this purpose, databases including Scopus, web of sciences, Pubmed, Google scholar and science direct were searched. Results: Investigations of Persian medicine textbooks resulted in deriving 53 herbs, which are useful for treating NAFLD. Searching through aforesaid databases showed that most of these plants can help to treat this disease in at least 2 ways. 25 herbs are effective in all 5 mentioned effects. Conclusion: It should be considered that in Persian medicine, first-line treatment is correction of life style, then if necessary, herbs are prescribed. However, this study showed that many herbs mentioned in Persian medicine for treatment of NAFLD might have a potential to aid patient with this disease.

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Evaluation of scientific evidence for abortifacient medicinal plants mentioned in traditional Persian medicine

Traditional Medicine Research ◽

10.53388/tmr20200106150 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 449–463

Author(s):

Ensiye Aafi ◽

Malihe Tabarrai ◽

Mehran Mirabzadeh ◽

Mohammad Reza ◽

Seyede Nargess

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Persian Medicine ◽

Traditional Persian Medicine

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An Evidence-Based Research on Botanical Sources for Oral Mucositis Treatment in Traditional Persian Medicine

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163817666200203110803 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Sadat Hasheminasab ◽

Fariba Sharififar ◽

Seyed Mehdi Hashemi ◽

Mohammad Setayesh

Keyword(s):

Oral Mucositis ◽

Punica Granatum ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Herbal Remedies ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Cancer Therapies ◽

Persian Medicine ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Traditional Persian Medicine

Background: Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases associated with heavy complications in treatment. Mucotoxic cancer therapies such as head and neck radiotherapy and some of the chemotherapy agents may lead to oral mucositis. In addition to its economic consequences, mucositis also affects patients' quality of life. In traditional Persian medicine (TPM) manuscripts, several medicaments have been suggested for treatment of mucositis. Objective: Considering the public welcome for herbal medicine, the current evidence-based review study is conducted to investigate the herbal remedies which have been proposed for oral mucositis in TPM. Methods: At first, a comprehensive survey was done on Qanon fi al-Teb which is the most important textbook of TPM; then the scientific name of the herbs was authenticated according to the botanical textbooks. At last, data banks including Scopus, Pubmed, Web of science and Science direct were investigated for possible relevant properties of each medicinal plant in the literature. Results: Totally 30 herbs are introduced in this study. According to the registered documents, 18 herbs are reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive and wound healing properties of which the therapeutic effect of only a few herbs including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Malva sylvestris, Morus nigra, Punica granatum, and Solanum nigrum were directly evaluated against oral mucositis on the literature. Conclusion: Despite the lack of human studies on mucositis for the other discussed herbs, their related pharmacological properties can be considered for new natural drug discovery supported by medieval and traditional experiments.

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A Mini-review on Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Jaundice in the Canon of Medicine

Shiraz E-Medical Journal ◽

10.5812/semj.102127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Jamileh Mahdavi Jafari ◽

Shahdis Barimani ◽

Fatemeh Aliasl ◽

Ghazaleh Heydarirad ◽

Mehdi Pasalar

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Recent Literature ◽

Herbal Remedies ◽

Supportive Evidence ◽

Medical Systems ◽

Persian Medicine ◽

Traditional Persian Medicine ◽

System Disorder

Context: Jaundice is a common gastrointestinal system disorder globally. Considering the potential of herbal remedies in traditional medical systems, this study was performed to explore medicinal plants used for the treatment of jaundice in the Canon of medicine. Evidence Acquisition: This narrative review was done on one of the most important textbooks in traditional Persian medicine. Different keywords, like Yaraghan and Zardi, were searched in the book, and a list of plants used was prepared. We searched for recent literature to find any supportive evidence to find the established mechanism of action, as well. Results: At the end of the study, 32 plants were found in the Canon of medicine, which most of them had at least one experimental or clinical study clarifying their mechanism of action to treat jaundice or decrease bilirubin. Conclusions: There are potential remedies in traditional Persian medicine resources, which may be useful in future trials to treat jaundice.

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Nephrotonic and Nephroprotective medicinal herbs in traditional Persian Medicine: Review and assessment of scientific evidence

Current Traditional Medicine ◽

10.2174/2215083807666211118145406 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 07 ◽

Author(s):

Reihaneh Moeini ◽

Zahra Memariani ◽

Ayesheh Enayati ◽

Narjes Gorji ◽

Fatemeh Kolangi

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Key Words ◽

Enzyme Inhibitor ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Medicinal Herbs ◽

Herbal Remedies ◽

Renal Disorder ◽

Persian Medicine ◽

Traditional Persian Medicine ◽

Anti Inflammatory

: The tendency to use herbal and complementary therapies has been increased dramatically in last decades. The aim of this study is reviewing nephrotonic and nephroprotective medicinal herbs in traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) historical books, and assessment of relevant scientific evidence and possible mechanisms of action. In this study, seven major references among pharmaceutical books of PM from the 11th to 19th centuries were selected and were searched with key words equivalent to “nephroprotection”. To find new studies, the scientific name of medicinal herbs which were repeated twice or more were searched using data bases including PubMed, and Google scholar with keywords of nephroprotective, renal disorder, renal failure and kidney. Also, probable effective mechanisms were explored with key words including oxidative stress, antioxidant, inflammation, anti-inflammatory and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor. 210 herbal remedies were found with kidney strengthening, nephroprotective, and atrophy prevention effects in reviewed books. The most repeated herbs were 41 Results of scientific evidence showed that the possible functional mechanisms of these plants include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, blood pressure/glucose-lowering effect as well as improvement of glomerular filtration, prevention of tissue damage, and enhancing the reconstructive power of cells. The list of medicinal herbs in this study can be used as a base of future studies on production of new medicines for prevention or treatment of renal failure and for the enhancement of renal performance.

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