scholarly journals Characterizing the Latent HIV-1 Reservoir in Patients with Viremia Suppressed on cART: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
Jason W. Rausch ◽  
Stuart F.J. Le Grice
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Latent Reservoir ◽  
Residual Viremia ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Latent Hiv ◽  
Memory Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can bring HIV-1 in blood plasma to level undetectable by standard tests, prevent the onset of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and allow a near-normal life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals. Unfortunately, cART is not curative, as within a few weeks of treatment cessation, HIV viremia in most patients rebounds to pre-cART levels. The primary source of this rebound, and the principal barrier to a cure, is the highly stable reservoir of latent yet replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses integrated into the genomic DNA of resting memory CD4+ T cells. In this review, prevailing models for how the latent reservoir is established and maintained, residual viremia and viremic rebound upon withdrawal of cART, and the types and characteristics of cells harboring latent HIV-1 will be discussed. Selected technologies currently being used to advance our understanding of HIV latency will also be presented, as will a perspective on which areas of advancement are most essential for producing the next generation of HIV-1 therapeutics.

scholarly journals The origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Darwinian or Lamarckian?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 877-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Burr ◽  
J. M. Hyman ◽  
Gerald Myers
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

The subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) group M exhibit a remarkable similarity in their between–subtype distances, which we refer to as high synchrony. The shape of the phylogenetic tree of these subtypes is referred to as a sunburst to distinguish it from a simple star phylogeny. Neither a sunburst pattern nor a comparable degree of symmetry is seen in a natural process such as in feline immunodeficiency virus evolution. We therefore have undertaken forward–process simulation studies employing coalescent theory to investigate whether such highly synchronized subtypes could be readily produced by natural Darwinian evolution. The forward model includes both classical (macro) and molecular (micro) epidemiological components. HIV–1 group M subtype synchrony is quantified using the standard deviation of the between–subtype distances and the average of the within–subtype distances. Highly synchronized subtypes and a sunburst phylogeny are not observed in our simulated data, leading to the conclusion that a quasi–Lamarckian, punctuated event occurred. The natural transfer theory for the origin of human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cannot easily be reconciled with these findings and it is as if a recent non–Darwinian process took place coincident with the rise of AIDS in Africa.

HIV: introduction and epidemiology

2019 ◽  
pp. 449-456
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

This chapter provides background information to the events that led to the discovery of HIV. Previously fit young men who have sex with men presented with certain infections and cancers, coupled with severe immune deficiency, which was later given the name acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This chapter gives information about the origin of HIV and its link to simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). This chapter provides information on the geographical, and the epidemiological differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2. The chapter also explains the biological implications of HIV types and subtypes. Risk factors and transmission routes are also discussed, in addition to UK and worldwide HIV prevalence data.

scholarly journals The earliest cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M in Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda and Burundi and the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 923-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Vangroenweghe
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

The early cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) infection in the 1960s and 1970s in Congo–Kinshasa (Zaire), Rwanda and Burundi are reviewed. These countries appear to be the source of the HIV–1 group M epidemic, which then spread outwards to neighbouring Tanzania and Uganda in the east, and Congo–Brazzaville in the west. Further spread to Haiti and onwards to the USA can be explained by the hundreds of single men from Haiti who participated in the UNESCO educational programme in the Congo between 1960 and 1975.

scholarly journals The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 867-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Sharp ◽  
Elizabeth Bailes ◽  
Roy R. Chaudhuri ◽  
Cynthia M. Rodenburg ◽  
Mario O. Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

In the absence of direct epidemiological evidence, molecular evolutionary studies of primate lentiviruses provide the most definitive information about the origins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–1 and HIV–2. Related lentiviruses have been found infecting numerous species of primates in sub–Saharan Africa. The only species naturally infected with viruses closely related to HIV–2 is the sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus atys ) from western Africa, the region where HIV–2 is known to be endemic. Similarly, the only viruses very closely related to HIV–1 have been isolated from chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), and in particular those from western equatorial Africa, again coinciding with the region that appears to be the hearth of the HIV–1 pandemic. HIV–1 and HIV–2 have each arisen several times: in the case of HIV–1, the three groups (M, N and O) are the result of independent cross–species transmission events. Consistent with the phylogenetic position of a ‘fossil’ virus from 1959, molecular clock analyses using realistic models of HIV–1 sequence evolution place the last common ancestor of the M group prior to 1940, and several lines of evidence indicate that the jump from chimpanzees to humans occurred before then. Both the inferred geographical origin of HIV–1 and the timing of the cross–species transmission are inconsistent with the suggestion that oral polio vaccines, putatively contaminated with viruses from chimpanzees in eastern equatorial Africa in the late 1950s, could be responsible for the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

scholarly journals IgMs produced by two acquired immune deficiency syndrome lymphoma cell lines: Ig binding specificity and VH-gene putative somatic mutation analysis [published erratum appears in Blood 1994 Aug 1;84(3):995]

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
VL Ng ◽  
MH Hurt ◽  
CL Fein ◽  
F Khayam-Bashi ◽  
J Marsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Germline Gene ◽  
Human Igg ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Two B-cell lines, 2F7 and 10C9, were established by single cell cloning from biopsies obtained from two acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. Representation of the original tumors was verified by demonstration of (1) identical biallelic rearrangement of Ig genes for 2F7 and (2) shared idiotype for 10C9. Both cell lines displayed cell-surface Ig and secreted Ig (IgM lambda for 2F7, IgM kappa for 10C9). IgMs from both cell lines immunoprecipitated actin; in addition, 2F7 IgM lambda immunoprecipitated recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp 160. 2F7 IgM lambda did not react with other autoantigens (double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, actin, bovine serum albumin, IgG), whereas 10C9 IgM kappa reacted with human IgG. The 2F7 IgM heavy-chain variable region (VH) showed a 95% nucleotide homology with a previously sequenced VHIII germline gene, hv3019b9, whereas the 10C9 IgM VH showed a 95% homology with a previously sequenced VHIV germline gene, VH4.21. Use of minimally modified VH genes and demonstration of reactivity with chronically present antigens (ie, actin, HIV-1 gp 160, or human IgG) suggests that B cells in HIV-1-infected individuals proliferating in response to chronic antigenic stimulation may be at increased risk for lymphomagenesis.

scholarly journals Potensi Nano Analog RN-18 (NARN-18) Berbasis Nanopartikel PLGA-CS-PEG dalam Penatalaksanaan HIV-1

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Gede Setula Narayana ◽  
I Kadek Wahyu Putra Dyatmika ◽  
Widia Danis Swari ◽  
I Gede Putu Supadmanaba
Keyword(s):  
Drug Loading ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Infectivity Factor ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the cause of death of million people in the world in 2016. The prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in Indonesia is still high and number of death caused by HIV-1-related diseases shows an apprehensive number. Treatment of HIV/AIDS nowadays is not effective to eradicate HIV-1 and also cause adverse effects. Previous research found RN-18 as a specific antagonistic molecule for viral infectivity factor (Vif) that can trigger Vif degradation and maintain intracellular A3G level. The aim of this review is to examine the potential of NARN-18 based PLGA-CS-PEG nanoparticles through oral administration in the management of HIV-1 infection. Method of this article is using literature review method. Literature searching is done by using “A3G”, “HIV-1”, “PLGA-CS-PEG”, “RN-18”, and “Vif” as keywords in search engine. 13a molecule, that is the analogue of RN-18, is used in the modality because it has better effectiveness and solubility compared with RN-18. By using PLGA, PEG, and chitosan (CS) as nanoparticles that carries RN-18 analogue makes the modality can be taken orally and targets T cell as soon as it enters the blood stream. It also can increase the efficiency of drug release and drug loading of the modality. NARN-18 constructed by using PLGA-PEG-CS nanoparticle makes the modality can be administered orally, increase its half-life in the body, and also increase the inhibition effect of RN-18 analogue. Therefore, this combination is one of the potential therapy in HIV-1 infection treatment.

scholarly journals Experimental oral polio vaccines and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 803-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Common ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Direct Ancestor

The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) of the common chimpanzee is widely acknowledged as the direct ancestor of HIV–1. There is increasing historical evidence that during the late 1950s, kidneys were routinely excised from central African chimpanzees by scientists who were collaborating with the polio vaccine research of Dr Hilary Koprowski, and sent – inter alia – to vaccine–making laboratories in the USA and Africa, and to unspecified destinations in Belgium. While there is no direct evidence that cells from these kidneys were used as a substrate for growing Dr Koprowski's oral polio vaccines, there is a startling coincidence between places in Africa where his CHAT vaccine was fed, and the first appearances in the world of HIV–1 group M and group–M–related AIDS. Because of the enormous implications of the hypothesis that AIDS may be an unintended iatrogenic (physician–caused) disease, it is almost inevitable that this theory will engender heated opposition from many of those in the scientific establishment, and those with vested interests.

scholarly journals Using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequences to infer historical features of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and human immunodeficiency virus evolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 855-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Yusim ◽  
Martine Peeters ◽  
Oliver G. Pybus ◽  
Tanmoy Bhattacharya ◽  
Eric Delaporte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

In earlier work, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) sequences were analysed to estimate the timing of the ancestral sequence of the main group of HIV–1, the virus that is responsible for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, yielding a best estimate of 1931 (95% confidence interval of 1915–1941). That work will be briefly reviewed, outlining how phylogenetic tools were extended to incorporate improved evolutionary models, how the molecular clock model was adapted to incorporate variable periods of latency, and how the approach was validated by correctly estimating the timing of two historically documented dates. The advantages, limitations, and assumptions of the approach will be summarized, with particular consideration of the implications of branch length uncertainty and recombination. We have recently undertaken new phylogenetic analysis of an extremely diverse set of human immunodeficiency virus envelope sequences from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC, formerly Zaire). This analysis both corroborates and extends the conclusions of our original study. Coalescent methods were used to infer the demographic history of the HIV–1 epidemic in the DRC, and the results suggest an increase in the exponential growth rate of the infected population through time.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. De Cock
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ecological Association ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in the USA in 1981, there is evidence that individual cases occurred considerably earlier in Central Africa, and serological and virological data show human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was present in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as far back as 1959. It is likely that HIV–1 infection in humans was established from cross–species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees, but the circumstances surrounding this zoonotic transfer are uncertain. This presentation will review how causality is established in epidemiology, and review the evidence (a putative ecological association) surrounding the hypothesis that early HIV–1 infections were associated with trials of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the DRC. From an epidemiological standpoint, the OPV hypothesis is not supported by data and the ecological association proposed between OPV use and early HIV/AIDS cases is unconvincing. It is likely that Africa will continue to dominate global HIV and AIDS epidemiology in the near to medium–term future, and that the epidemic will evolve over many decades unless a preventive vaccine becomes widely available.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnancy

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-241
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise Newell ◽  
Claire Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which causes immune suppression mainly through depletion and destruction of CD4 lymphocytes. This results in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections which in turn leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since HIV (HIV-1) was first identified in 1983, the infection has spread across the world and has developed into arguably the most important and far-reaching pandemic of this century. HIV infection can be acquired through sexual contact, blood or blood products (including contaminated injecting equipment) and vertically from mother to child. Heterosexual acquisition is the dominant route among women, although in some settings injecting drug use (IDU) can also be an important source. In 1985, HIV-2 was isolated in a study of Senegalese women and subsequently found to be prevalent in West Africa and in areas of emigration from West Africa. HIV-2 is less transmissable and pathogenic than HIV-1 and this review is restricted to HIV-1 infection.

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