scholarly journals Challenges Associated with Classifying Urban Meteorological Stations: The Oklahoma City Micronet Example

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Schroeder ◽  
Jeffrey B. Basara ◽  
Bradley G Illston
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Oklahoma City ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Individual

During 2007-2008, a dense network of meteorological stations was deployed across the Oklahoma City metropolitan area to collect real-time, research-quality observations of atmospheric variables throughout the urban environment: the Oklahoma City Micronet (OKCNET). Because surface characteristics can be vastly different between rural and urban areas as well as throughout a city, significant variability exists in the local microclimates observed by meteorological stations deployed in an urban area. As such, documenting the characteristics near any site (i.e., metadata) is critical to fully understand the overall representativeness of the site and the associated evolution of atmospheric conditions. To date, a universal classification system for urban meteorological stations does not exist. Thus, this study utilized four different methodologies to classify OKCNET sites and increase the metadata for the individual sites and the overall network. The results demonstrated that while each classification system had specific merits, significant challenges existed in establishing consistent metadata for the sites due to (a) limitations associated with the methodologies and (b) the heterogeneity of surface conditions. In particular, stations deployed within the transition zones form urban to suburban and suburban to rural posed the greatest challenges in establishing consistent metadata for the sites.

scholarly journals Urban–Rural Disparities in the Magnitude and Determinants of Stunting among Children under Five in Tanzania: Based on Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys 1991–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5184
Author(s):  
Wenjun Zhu ◽  
Si Zhu ◽  
Bruno F. Sunguya ◽  
Jiayan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Child Stunting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Individual

Our study aims to examine the disparity of under-5 child stunting prevalence between urban and rural areas of Tanzania in the past three decades, and to explore factors affecting the rural–urban disparity. Secondary analyses of Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS) data drawn from 1991–1992, 1996, 1999, 2004–2005, 2009–2010, and 2015–2016 surveys were conducted. Under-5 child stunting prevalence was calculated separately for rural and urban children and its decline trends were examined by chi-square tests. Descriptive analyses were used to present the individual-level, household-level, and societal-level characteristics of children, while multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine determinants of stunting in rural and urban areas, respectively. Additive interaction effects were estimated between residence and other covariates. The results showed that total stunting prevalence was declining in Tanzania, but urban–rural disparity has widened since the decline was slower in the rural area. No interaction effect existed between residence and other determinants, and the urban–rural disparity was mainly caused by the discrepancy of the individual-level and household-level factors between rural and urban households. As various types of determinants exist, multisector nutritional intervention strategies are required to address the child stunting problem. Meanwhile, the intervention should focus on targeting vulnerable children, rather than implementing different policies in rural and urban areas.

New Approaches to Regional Branding through Green Production and Utilization of Existing Natural Advantages

2015 ◽  
pp. 121-139
Author(s):  
Alexander Trukhachev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Alternative Employment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
Green Production ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
The Individual

The chapter aims at the identification of existing natural, environmental, and rural resources that have worked together to promote the individual brand of Stavropol Region as a producer of green agricultural commodities and food, as well as a resort area, attractive by its unique environmental conditions. The perspectives of the development of green production are accessed in order to exploit existing regional resources in the long term, encourage local/regional producers and stimulate their economies, which is vital to quality of life in the countryside and a balanced development of rural and urban areas. Special attention is paid to the elaboration of possible ways to increase effectiveness of natural management as an approach to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of rural economies whilst at the same time opening up alternative employment opportunities for rural people.

New Approaches to Regional Branding through Green Production and Utilization of Existing Natural Advantages

2017 ◽  
pp. 1758-1778
Author(s):  
Alexander Trukhachev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Alternative Employment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
Green Production ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
The Individual

The chapter aims at the identification of existing natural, environmental, and rural resources that have worked together to promote the individual brand of Stavropol Region as a producer of green agricultural commodities and food, as well as a resort area, attractive by its unique environmental conditions. The perspectives of the development of green production are accessed in order to exploit existing regional resources in the long term, encourage local/regional producers and stimulate their economies, which is vital to quality of life in the countryside and a balanced development of rural and urban areas. Special attention is paid to the elaboration of possible ways to increase effectiveness of natural management as an approach to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of rural economies whilst at the same time opening up alternative employment opportunities for rural people.

scholarly journals The Health Consequences of Social Mobility in Contemporary China

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Yan ◽  
Guangye He ◽  
Yunsong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
Class Mobility ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Individual

Although numerous studies have shown the importance of an individual’s socioeconomic status on his or her self-rated health status, less well-known is whether self-perceived class mobility, a measure highly correlated with an individual’s de facto social class and past mobility experiences, affects self-rated health. In this paper, we attempt to fill the gap by examining how perception of class mobility is associated with self-rated health. Using eight waves of Chinese General Social Survey data spanning the years 2005 to 2015, we conducted an analysis at the micro (individual) level and the macro (provincial) level. Analyses at both levels yielded consistent results. At the individual level, we employed ordered logistic regression and found that the perception of experiencing downward mobility was associated with significantly lower self-rated health in both rural and urban areas compared with those who consider themselves to be upwardly mobile or immobile. At the provincial level, the findings from static panel analysis further revealed that there is a positive relationship between the self-perceived class mobility and self-rated health level.

scholarly journals The primary care workforce in Europe: a cross-sectional international comparison of rural and urban areas and changes between 1993 and 2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. iv12-iv17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P Groenewegen ◽  
Mark W G Bosmans ◽  
Wienke G W Boerma ◽  
Peter Spreeuwenberg
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Care Workforce ◽  
Practice Population ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Rural areas have problems in attracting and retaining primary care workforce. This might have consequences for the existing workforce. We studied whether general practitioners (GPs) in rural practices differ by age, sex, practice population and workload from those in less rural locations and whether their practices differ in resources and service profiles. We used data from 2 studies: QUALICOPC study collected data from 34 countries, including 7183 GPs in 2011, and Profiles of General Practice in Europe study collected data from 32 countries among 7895 GPs in 1993. Data were analyzed using multilevel analysis. Results show that the share of female GPs has increased in rural areas but is still lower than in urban areas. In rural areas, GPs work more hours and provide more medical procedures to their patients. Apart from these differences between locations, overall ageing of the GP population is evident. Higher workload in rural areas may be related to increased demand for care. Rural practices seem to cope by offering a broad range of services, such as medical procedures. Dedicated human resource policies for rural areas are required with a view to an ageing GP population, to the individual preferences and needs of the GPs, and to decreasing attractiveness of rural areas.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

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