The Health Consequences of Social Mobility in Contemporary China

Although numerous studies have shown the importance of an individual’s socioeconomic status on his or her self-rated health status, less well-known is whether self-perceived class mobility, a measure highly correlated with an individual’s de facto social class and past mobility experiences, affects self-rated health. In this paper, we attempt to fill the gap by examining how perception of class mobility is associated with self-rated health. Using eight waves of Chinese General Social Survey data spanning the years 2005 to 2015, we conducted an analysis at the micro (individual) level and the macro (provincial) level. Analyses at both levels yielded consistent results. At the individual level, we employed ordered logistic regression and found that the perception of experiencing downward mobility was associated with significantly lower self-rated health in both rural and urban areas compared with those who consider themselves to be upwardly mobile or immobile. At the provincial level, the findings from static panel analysis further revealed that there is a positive relationship between the self-perceived class mobility and self-rated health level.

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Urban–Rural Disparities in the Magnitude and Determinants of Stunting among Children under Five in Tanzania: Based on Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys 1991–2016

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105184 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5184

Author(s):

Wenjun Zhu ◽

Si Zhu ◽

Bruno F. Sunguya ◽

Jiayan Huang

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Health Surveys ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Household Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Child Stunting ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Individual

Our study aims to examine the disparity of under-5 child stunting prevalence between urban and rural areas of Tanzania in the past three decades, and to explore factors affecting the rural–urban disparity. Secondary analyses of Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS) data drawn from 1991–1992, 1996, 1999, 2004–2005, 2009–2010, and 2015–2016 surveys were conducted. Under-5 child stunting prevalence was calculated separately for rural and urban children and its decline trends were examined by chi-square tests. Descriptive analyses were used to present the individual-level, household-level, and societal-level characteristics of children, while multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine determinants of stunting in rural and urban areas, respectively. Additive interaction effects were estimated between residence and other covariates. The results showed that total stunting prevalence was declining in Tanzania, but urban–rural disparity has widened since the decline was slower in the rural area. No interaction effect existed between residence and other determinants, and the urban–rural disparity was mainly caused by the discrepancy of the individual-level and household-level factors between rural and urban households. As various types of determinants exist, multisector nutritional intervention strategies are required to address the child stunting problem. Meanwhile, the intervention should focus on targeting vulnerable children, rather than implementing different policies in rural and urban areas.

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New Approaches to Regional Branding through Green Production and Utilization of Existing Natural Advantages

Green Economic Structures in Modern Business and Society - Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-8219-1.ch007 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 121-139

Author(s):

Alexander Trukhachev

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Balanced Development ◽

Alternative Employment ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rural Economies ◽

Green Production ◽

Stavropol Region ◽

The Individual

The chapter aims at the identification of existing natural, environmental, and rural resources that have worked together to promote the individual brand of Stavropol Region as a producer of green agricultural commodities and food, as well as a resort area, attractive by its unique environmental conditions. The perspectives of the development of green production are accessed in order to exploit existing regional resources in the long term, encourage local/regional producers and stimulate their economies, which is vital to quality of life in the countryside and a balanced development of rural and urban areas. Special attention is paid to the elaboration of possible ways to increase effectiveness of natural management as an approach to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of rural economies whilst at the same time opening up alternative employment opportunities for rural people.

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New Approaches to Regional Branding through Green Production and Utilization of Existing Natural Advantages

Advertising and Branding ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1793-1.ch081 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1758-1778

Author(s):

Alexander Trukhachev

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Balanced Development ◽

Alternative Employment ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rural Economies ◽

Green Production ◽

Stavropol Region ◽

The Individual

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Mobile Communication, Popular Protests and Citizenship in China

Modern Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0026749x12000340 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 995-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

JUN LIU

Keyword(s):

Public Sphere ◽

Mobile Phones ◽

Mobile Communication ◽

Urban Areas ◽

The Political ◽

Freedom Of Information ◽

Social Forces ◽

Individual Level ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

AbstractDigital telecommunication technology has expanded the potential of the mobile phone to be used increasingly as a weapon against authoritarian rule and censorship. Since the content of mobile communication is unpredictable and unregulated, mobile phones have the capability to breach state-sponsored blockage of information. This in turn helps the Chinese people to maintain contact with each other, receive information from outside the country, and make political waves in an aggressive battle for control over information. This paper examines spontaneous mobilization via mobile phones, with a focus on two concrete popular protests in rural and urban areas, demonstrating how Chinese citizens have expanded the political uses of mobile phones in their struggle for freedom of information flow, social justice, and the rule of law, while seeking to build an inexpensive counter-public sphere. These processes destabilize China's conventional national public sphere by shaping political identities on an individual level as well as the notion of citizenship within the evolving counter-public sphere. The political significance of mobile phones in the context of contemporary China's political environment can be observed by various social forces that communicate their struggles with the aid of this technology, pose challenges in governance, and force the authorities to engage in new kinds of media practices.

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The primary care workforce in Europe: a cross-sectional international comparison of rural and urban areas and changes between 1993 and 2011

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa125 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. iv12-iv17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter P Groenewegen ◽

Mark W G Bosmans ◽

Wienke G W Boerma ◽

Peter Spreeuwenberg

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Medical Procedures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Primary Care Workforce ◽

Practice Population ◽

The Individual

Abstract Rural areas have problems in attracting and retaining primary care workforce. This might have consequences for the existing workforce. We studied whether general practitioners (GPs) in rural practices differ by age, sex, practice population and workload from those in less rural locations and whether their practices differ in resources and service profiles. We used data from 2 studies: QUALICOPC study collected data from 34 countries, including 7183 GPs in 2011, and Profiles of General Practice in Europe study collected data from 32 countries among 7895 GPs in 1993. Data were analyzed using multilevel analysis. Results show that the share of female GPs has increased in rural areas but is still lower than in urban areas. In rural areas, GPs work more hours and provide more medical procedures to their patients. Apart from these differences between locations, overall ageing of the GP population is evident. Higher workload in rural areas may be related to increased demand for care. Rural practices seem to cope by offering a broad range of services, such as medical procedures. Dedicated human resource policies for rural areas are required with a view to an ageing GP population, to the individual preferences and needs of the GPs, and to decreasing attractiveness of rural areas.

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Institutional Differences in Individual Wellbeing in China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su14020721 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 721

Author(s):

Youzhi Xiao ◽

Xuemin Liu ◽

Ting Ren

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Subjective Wellbeing ◽

Rural China ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Urban China ◽

For Profit ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Institutional Settings ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Institutional Differences

An imbalanced distribution of income and welfare characterizes a developing or transitional economy such as China’s. Even after forty years of reform and rapid economic growth, there is still considerable disparity in wellbeing across different institutional settings in China. Major inequalities exist between rural and urban areas, public and for profit sectors, and state-owned and private enterprises. This paper presents the descriptive differences in individual wellbeing across these kinds of institutional settings from objective and subjective perspectives, enabled by the five waves of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS; the years of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015). The results show that: (1) people in urban China enjoy more objective wellbeing than people in rural China, but less subjective wellbeing; (2) people who work for the public sector enjoy more objective and subjective wellbeing than those for the for profit sector; (3) people who work for the state owned enterprises enjoy more objective wellbeing than those for the for profit sector, but subjective happiness is not significantly different. Furthermore, people’s perception of subjective wellbeing not only relies upon substantive objective wellbeing, but also an affiliation with a certain type of institution.

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Perspectives of Compulsory Secondary Education Students on Bilingual Sections in Madrid (Spain)

English Language Teaching ◽

10.5539/elt.v11n10p152 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 152

Author(s):

Zahra Chaieberras ◽

Diego Rascón-Moreno

Keyword(s):

Secondary Education ◽

Empirical Study ◽

Urban Areas ◽

English Teacher ◽

Education Students ◽

Class Mobility ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Level Of Satisfaction ◽

Resources Evaluation

This article presents an empirical study about the students’ perspectives on bilingual sections in Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE) in the Community of Madrid, Spain. Its aim is to highlight the students’ opinions and their level of satisfaction of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in this monolingual setting. The results extrapolate from the analysis of questionnaires and focus groups interviews. These two methods of research gave excellent opportunities for 754 bilingual participants in 18 bilingual schools (schools are public, charter, and private ones from both rural and urban areas) to expose their opinions and attitudes about the program. Thus, the article outlines the main findings in relation to the following factors: students’ use, competence and development of English in class; methodology; materials and resources; evaluation; teachers’ use, competence and development of English in class; mobility; improvement and motivation towards learning English; teacher training and mobility; and finally, overall appraisal of bilingual sections.

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Challenges Associated with Classifying Urban Meteorological Stations: The Oklahoma City Micronet Example

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ◽

10.2174/1874282301004010088 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 88-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Amanda J. Schroeder ◽

Jeffrey B. Basara ◽

Bradley G Illston

Keyword(s):

Classification System ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Oklahoma City ◽

Research Quality ◽

Atmospheric Conditions ◽

Transition Zones ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Individual

During 2007-2008, a dense network of meteorological stations was deployed across the Oklahoma City metropolitan area to collect real-time, research-quality observations of atmospheric variables throughout the urban environment: the Oklahoma City Micronet (OKCNET). Because surface characteristics can be vastly different between rural and urban areas as well as throughout a city, significant variability exists in the local microclimates observed by meteorological stations deployed in an urban area. As such, documenting the characteristics near any site (i.e., metadata) is critical to fully understand the overall representativeness of the site and the associated evolution of atmospheric conditions. To date, a universal classification system for urban meteorological stations does not exist. Thus, this study utilized four different methodologies to classify OKCNET sites and increase the metadata for the individual sites and the overall network. The results demonstrated that while each classification system had specific merits, significant challenges existed in establishing consistent metadata for the sites due to (a) limitations associated with the methodologies and (b) the heterogeneity of surface conditions. In particular, stations deployed within the transition zones form urban to suburban and suburban to rural posed the greatest challenges in establishing consistent metadata for the sites.

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