Alcohol-Related Deaths and Hospitalizations by Race, Gender, and Age in California

Introduction: Excessive alcohol use is the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States each year and responsible for about 10,000 deaths in California alone. In addition, excessive alcohol use is responsible for many hospitalizations due to injuries and illnesses. Alcohol consumption is known to differ by age, sex, and race/ethnicity and these consumption patterns can lead to differences in alcohol-related outcomes. Methods: Using data from a variety of sources, alcohol-attributable deaths and nonfatal hospitalizations for illnesses and injuries were calculated for California for the year 2006. Results: Excessive alcohol use resulted in over 10,000 deaths and 72,000 nonfatal hospitalizations in California. The majority of consequences (51%) were due to chronic illnesses associated with long-term excessive use of alcohol. Overall, males reported more deaths and nonfatal hospitalizations due to excessive alcohol use than women. Alcohol-attributable deaths and hospitalizations are more likely to occur among individuals aged 50-64 years for illnesses and individuals aged 20-34 years for injuries. Older individuals suffered from more chronic conditions such as alcoholic liver disease, while younger individuals were more likely to suffer from injuries, the most common being motor-vehicle traffic crashes. Significant differences in the rate of deaths and nonfatal hospitalizations by race/ethnicity were more common due to injuries and violence than chronic diseases. Conclusions: This study highlighted key findings of demographic differences in consequences suffered by excessive alcohol use in California. Continued efforts to better evaluate the contribution of alcohol to morbidity and mortality by demographic factors, especially by race and ethnicity, is warranted to prevent and reduce the harm associated with this behavior.

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Trends in Esophageal Cancer Mortality and Stage at Diagnosis by Race and Ethnicity in the United States

Cancer Causes & Control ◽

10.1007/s10552-021-01443-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Edgar Corona ◽

Liu Yang ◽

Eric Esrailian ◽

Kevin A. Ghassemi ◽

Jeffrey L. Conklin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

The United States ◽

Disease Stage ◽

Stage Migration ◽

Stage At Diagnosis ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Seer Data ◽

Race Ethnicity

Abstract Introduction Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. Mortality and disease stage at diagnosis are important indicators of improvements in cancer prevention and control. We examined United States trends in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) mortality and stage at diagnosis by race and ethnicity. Methods We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data to identify individuals with histologically confirmed EAC and ESCC between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2016. For both EAC and ESCC, we calculated age-adjusted mortality and the proportion presenting at each stage by race/ethnicity, sex, and year. We then calculated the annual percent change (APC) in each indicator by race/ethnicity and examined changes over time. Results The study included 19,257 EAC cases and 15,162 ESCC cases. EAC mortality increased significantly overall and in non-Hispanic Whites from 1993 to 2012 and from 1993 to 2010, respectively. EAC mortality continued to rise among non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) (APC = 1.60, p = 0.01). NHB experienced the fastest decline in ESCC mortality (APC = − 4.53, p < 0.001) yet maintained the highest mortality at the end of the study period. Proportions of late stage disease increased overall by 18.5 and 24.5 percentage points for EAC and ESCC respectively; trends varied by race/ethnicity. Conclusion We found notable differences in trends in EAC and ESCC mortality and stage at diagnosis by race/ethnicity. Stage migration resulting from improvements in diagnosis and treatment may partially explain recent trends in disease stage at diagnosis. Future efforts should identify factors driving current esophageal cancer disparities.

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18062921 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 2921

Author(s):

Jay J. Xu ◽

Jarvis T. Chen ◽

Thomas R. Belin ◽

Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽

Marc A. Suchard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

District Of Columbia ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

The United States ◽

Attributable Mortality ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Using Data ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Degree Of Association ◽

Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

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Emergency Department Visit Rates for Motor Vehicle Crashes by Selected Characteristics in the United States, 2017-2018

10.15620/cdc:106460 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Danielle Davis ◽

Christopher Cairns

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Emergency Department ◽

Emergency Department Visit ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

The United States ◽

Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽

Insurance Status ◽

Vehicle Crashes ◽

Health Insurance Status

This report presents emergency department visit rates for motor vehicle crashes by age, race and ethnicity, health insurance status, and region.

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A Systematic Review of Parenting Scales Measurement Invariance/Equivalence of by Race and Ethnicity: Recommendations for Inclusive Parenting Research

Assessment ◽

10.1177/10731911211038630 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107319112110386

Author(s):

Violeta J. Rodriguez ◽

Dominique L. La Barrie ◽

Miriam C. Zegarac ◽

Anne Shaffer

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

The United States ◽

Weak Evidence ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Development And Validation ◽

Racial Ethnic

The limited inclusion of racial/ethnic minorities in the development and validation of parenting measures limits our understanding of whether parenting constructs are valid in racial and ethnic minorities. Tests of measurement invariance/equivalence (MI/E) of parenting measures can help evaluate the validity of parenting constructs among racial/ethnic minorities. This systematic review summarized studies on MI/E of parenting constructs by race/ethnicity and evaluated the strength of the evidence. A literature search was conducted using various databases and references to retrieve studies from the United States. Indeed, 10 studies were identified that tested for MI/E of eight parenting scales by race/ethnicity. Only one scale showed moderate evidence of MI/E, five showed weak evidence of MI/E, and two showed no evidence of MI/E. Most studies (80%) used factor analytic methods to test for MI/E, but only two studies (20%) examined all levels of invariance. These findings show that differences exist in how racial/ethnic minorities perceive parenting constructs. Further research is needed to develop more inclusive parenting measures, to protect against the ways in which biased measures may pathologize or misrepresent parenting practices among racial/ethnic minorities.

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Descriptive Epidemiology of Homicides With Victim and Suspect Race or Hispanic Ethnicity Discordance in the United States: Analysis of National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) 2005-2015

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260519861656 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 088626051986165

Author(s):

Cara L. Frankenfeld ◽

Timothy F. Leslie

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Reporting System ◽

National Level ◽

The United States ◽

Romantic Partners ◽

Violent Death ◽

Hispanic Ethnicity ◽

Race Ethnicity

Cross-racial violence is a high-profile issue in the United States; however, there is little empirical research on the epidemiology of cross-racial homicides. The objective of this work was to use national-level data to evaluate the characteristics of homicides in which the victim and suspect are of the same or different race or Hispanic ethnicity. Victims and suspects from National Violent Death Reporting System data (2005-2015) were classified into seven-categories on the basis of race/ethnicity (six non-Hispanic races or Hispanic ethnicity), and 51,454 homicide events were classified as concordant (same race or ethnicity), discordant (different race or ethnicity), or unknown (missing race or ethnicity or no suspect information). While discordancy was observed to be similar across all race and ethnicity groups, it was less likely with relatives, romantic partners, and relatives of romantic partners; less likely to occur at home; less likely to occur in intimate partner violence–related homicides; less likely when the homicide was preceded by an argument over money or property; less likely when the homicide was associated with a family problem; more likely among rival gangs and strangers than other known person relationships; and more likely with drug-involved homicides. There were differences for victims of non-Hispanic Black race. Notably, discordance was more likely for justifiable self-defense and more likely with victim having used a weapon. These results suggest that discordant homicides may follow patterns of peer groups and close relationships in society regardless of victim race/ethnicity, that is, individuals may form closer relationships with individuals of the same race/ethnicity.

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Black Names, Immigrant Names: Navigating Race and Ethnicity Through Personal Names

Journal of Black Studies ◽

10.1177/0021934719888806 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 16-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hewan Girma

Keyword(s):

Race And Ethnicity ◽

The United States ◽

Immigrant Parents ◽

Immigrant Incorporation ◽

Black Immigrants ◽

Personal Names ◽

Black Immigrant ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Immigrant Identities

This article explores the naming patterns of a new African immigrant group in the United States to discuss the creative ways that Black immigrants navigate their racialized immigrant identities and their positioning vis-à-vis their ethnoracial compatriots, African Americans. I argue that the significant contention around Black names and immigrant names demonstrates that personal names are a subject worthy of in-depth investigation. Through the case study of the naming practices of first generations of Ethiopian-Americans, I examine the relevance Black immigrant parents attach to first names, their various connotations, and modes of immigrant incorporation into the dominant host society. I highlight the importance of race, ethnicity, and immigration status in naming.

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Why Buy a Home? Race, Ethnicity, and Homeownership Preferences in the United States

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity ◽

10.1177/2332649217753648 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 452-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Brian J. McCabe

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Social Status ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

The United States ◽

Housing Quality ◽

Revealed Preferences ◽

Structural Barriers ◽

The Social ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Nationally Representative

There are many reasons why Americans prefer homeownership to renting. Owning a home can serve as a vehicle for economic mobility or a marker of status attainment. Homeownership may deepen feelings of ontological security and enable families to move into more convenient neighborhoods. While previous research on race, ethnicity, and housing focuses on homeownership attainment, identifying structural barriers to explain persistent racial disparities, there has been little investigation of the reasons why Americans prefer to own their own homes. Drawing on the National Housing Survey, a nationally representative survey of American adults, I ask how these reasons vary by race and ethnicity. I report that African Americans and Latinos are more likely than whites to identify the social status of ownership and the importance of building wealth as reasons to buy a home. While African Americans are also more likely to pursue homeownership as a way to improve their housing quality, they are less likely to view ownership as a tool for accessing more convenient neighborhoods. As a contribution to research on racial stratification in homeownership, my findings push beyond existing studies of revealed preferences to explain why buying a home endures as such an important goal for many Americans. African Americans and Latinos are more deeply invested in the social status of homeownership, the importance of building wealth, and the promise of moving into a nicer home when they pursue ownership opportunities.

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Racial and Ethnic Enrollment Disparities and Demographic Reporting Requirements in Acute Leukemia Clinical Trials

Blood Advances ◽

10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005148 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Hantel ◽

Marlise R. Luskin ◽

Jacqueline S Garcia ◽

Wendy Stock ◽

Daniel J DeAngelo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Native American ◽

Acute Leukemia ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

The United States ◽

Reporting Requirements ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Hispanic Patients ◽

Race Ethnicity

Data regarding racial and ethnic enrollment diversity for acute myeloid (AML) and lymphoid leukemia (ALL) clinical trials in the United States (US) are limited, and little is known about the effect of federal reporting requirements instituted in the late 2000s. We examined demographic data reporting and enrollment diversity for US ALL and AML trials from 2002-2017 as well as changes in reporting and diversity after reporting requirements were instituted. Of 223 AML and 97 ALL trials with results, 68 (30.5%) and 51 (52.6%) reported enrollment by both race and ethnicity. Among trials that reported race and ethnicity (AML N=6,554; ALL N=4,149), non-Hispanic (NH)-Black, NH-Native American, NH-Asian, and Hispanic patients had significantly lower enrollment compared to NH-white patients after adjusting for race-ethnic disease incidence (AML odds: 0.68, 0.31, 0.75, and 0.83; ALL: 0.74, 0.27, 0.67, and 0.64; all p≤0.01). The proportion of trials reporting race increased significantly after the reporting requirements (44.2 to 60.2%; p=0.02), but race-ethnicity reporting did not (34.8 to 38.6%; p=0.57). Reporting proportions by number of patients enrolled increased significantly after the reporting requirements (race: 51.7 to 72.7%, race-ethnicity: 39.5 to 45.4%; both p<0.001), and relative enrollment of NH-Black and Hispanic patients decreased (AML odds: 0.79 and 0.77; ALL: 0.35 and 0.25; both p≤0.01). These data suggest that demographic enrollment reporting for acute leukemia trials is suboptimal, changes in diversity after the reporting requirements may be due to additional enrollment disparities that were previously unreported, and enrollment diversification strategies specific to acute leukemia care delivery are needed.

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

10.1101/2021.01.28.21249411 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jay J. Xu ◽

Jarvis T. Chen ◽

Thomas R. Belin ◽

Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽

Marc A. Suchard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

District Of Columbia ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

The United States ◽

Attributable Mortality ◽

Estimation Uncertainty ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Using Data ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Racial Ethnic

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios – anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites – in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of December 30, 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to quantify estimation uncertainty, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, observed disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Temporal Trends of Myocardial Infarction Hospitalizations Among Pregnant Women in the United States: 2009-2018

International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health ◽

10.21106/ijtmrph.387 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 200-203

Author(s):

Deepa Dongarwar ◽

Brisa Garcia ◽

Nisha Jacob ◽

Hamisu Salihu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

The United States ◽

Entire Study ◽

Creative Commons ◽

Race Ethnicity

There has been an increase in the incidence of Myocardial Infarction (MI) among pregnant women in the United States. There have been no studies examining the trends in the rates of gestational MI hospitalizations by race/ethnicity;and therefore, we undertook this study. No prior studies have examined the trends in the rates of gestational MI hospitalizations by race and ethnicity. In this study, we examined temporal trends of MI-related hospitalizations among pregnant women using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) dataset from 2009 to 2018. We performed joinpoint regression analyses to assess trends in the rates of MI by race/ethnicity during the study period. Overall, there was an increase in the rates of MI among pregnant women during the study period (from 9.7 per 100,000 hospitalizations in 2009 to 18.1 per 100,000 hospitalizations in 2018) with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 7.2, (95% Confidence Interval (CI)=[4.0, 10.5]. The overall rate of MI was highest in non-Hispanic (NH)-Blacks and the greatest increments in rates of MI-related hospitalizations were noted in NH-Blacks during 2013-2018, and in Hispanics during the entire study period (2009-2018). NH-Blacks and Hispanics bear a disproportionately high burden of MI among pregnant women in the US. More worrisome is the first-ever reported finding in this study of a widening Black-White disparity in MI-related hospitalizations over the past decade. Copyright © Dongarwar et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.

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