Performance of Resins Based on Poly(Divinylbenzene-co-Methyl Methacrylate)-Based Resins for Removal of Removing Calcium and Magnesium Ions from Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla N. Bernardo ◽  
Carla Michele F. Silva ◽  
Paula F. Aguiar ◽  
Elizabete F. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Injection Water ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium Ions

Background: The mixing of the formation water present in oil and gas reservoirs and the injection water (often seawater) can form inorganic incrustations, during enhanced oil recovery operations. In this case, the cations (calcium, barium, strontium, iron, magnesium, etc.) of the injection water react with the anions (mainly sulfate and carbonate) of the formation water, produce Such inorganic salts can that precipitate in the reservoir rock, damaging the oil production. pipes and production lines, clogging them. One of the ways to prevent this problem is to remove the cations from the injection water, but this is a challenging procedure. Objective: In this study, the Sulfonated polymerdivinylbenzene (DVBS) and the copolymer sulfonated poly(methyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene (MMA-DVB) were compared in their efficiencies in reducing to a very low levels the concentration of removing chemically modified with sulfonic (S) groups to ascertain their performance in removing the calcium and magnesium ions present in water. Method: The resins were modified with sulfonic groups and characterized. We used central composition planning with batch tests to evaluate the adsorption, which occurred significantly for both ions using both resins with contact time of 10 minutes. Results: For both resins, calcium was preferentially adsorbed in relation to magnesium. Conclusion: Taking is account cost benefit, the copolymer MMA-DVBS (a less expensive adsorbent than the polymer DVBS) presented a satisfactory behavior, making it a potential material for treatment of water.

A Robust Geochemical Simulator To Model Improved-Oil-Recovery Methods

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haishan Luo ◽  
Emad W. Al-Shalabi ◽  
Mojdeh Delshad ◽  
Krishna Panthi ◽  
Kamy Sepehrnoori
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Improved Oil Recovery ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Geochemical Reactions ◽  
Newton Raphson ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Sacrificial Agent ◽  
Raphson Method ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium Ions

Summary The interest in modeling geochemical reactions has increased significantly for different improved-oil-recovery processes such as alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flood, low-salinity waterflood, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) injection as a sacrificial agent in hard brine. Numerical simulation of multiphase flow coupled with geochemical reactions is challenging because of complex and coupled aqueous, aqueous/solid, and aqueous/oleic reactions. These reactions have significant impact upon oil recovery, and hence a robust geochemical simulator is important. UTCHEM (2000) is a chemical-flooding reservoir simulator with geochemical-modeling capability. Nevertheless, one major limitation in the geochemical-reactive engine of UTCHEM is assuming the activities of reactive species is equal to unity. In fact, the activity coefficients are strongly nonlinear functions of the ionic strength of solution. One approach to tackle this deficiency was to couple UTCHEM (flow and transport) with IPhreeqc (a geochemical reactive engine) (Kazemi Nia Korrani et al. 2013). However, the simulator proved to be computationally expensive. Therefore, it is desirable to improve the geochemical- reactive engine within UTCHEM. This paper presents the improvement of the geochemical-reactive engine in UTCHEM including implementing different activity-coefficient models for different reactive species, cation-exchange reactions, and numerical convergence. Certain unknown concentrations are eliminated from the elemental mass-balance equations and the reaction equations to reduce the computational burden. The Jacobian matrix and right-hand side of the linear-system equation in the Newton-Raphson method are updated accordingly in the Newton-Raphson method for performing the batch-reaction calculation. A low-salinity-waterflood case is presented to validate the updated UTCHEM against PHREEQC (Parkhurst and Appelo 1999) and UTCHEM-IPhreeqc. The simulation studies indicated that the updated geochemical simulator succeeds in tackling the inaccuracy concerned in the original UTCHEM. Also, the updated version is more efficient compared with PHREEQC and UTCHEM-IPhreeqc with the same degree of accuracy. The updated geochemical simulator is then applied to model an ASP coreflood in which EDTA is used as a sacrificial agent to chelate calcium and magnesium ions. The experimental data of pH, oil recovery, and pressure drop were successfully history matched with predictions of the effluent concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions. A synthetic 3D ASP pilot case is successfully simulated considering effects of acid equilibrium reaction constant on oil recovery.

The Role of Calcium and Magnesium Ions in Uptake of β-Amyloid Peptides by Microglial Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Choucair ◽  
V. Laporte ◽  
R. Levy ◽  
C. Tranchant ◽  
J.-P. Gies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Amyloid Peptides ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium Ions

USING MALIC ACID SOLUTIONS FOR THE HYDRATION OF VEGETABLE OILS AND LECITHIN PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.А. МАРЧЕНКО ◽  
Т.Н. БОКОВИКОВА ◽  
Е.В. ЛИСОВАЯ ◽  
С.А. ИЛЬИНОВА ◽  
Е.П. ВИКТОРОВА
Keyword(s):  
Malic Acid ◽  
Complex Compounds ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium Ions

Исследована возможность применения яблочной кислоты (ЯК) в качестве гидратирующего агента для перевода негидратируемых форм фосфолипидов в гидратируемые. Выбор ЯК обусловлен ее стоимостью, которая в 1,5 раза меньше стоимости янтарной кислоты, широко применяемой в качестве гидратирующего агента, а также большей доступностью с точки зрения промышленного производства. Исследование процесса комплексообразования и определение состава комплексных соединений ЯК с ионами кальция и магния осуществляли методом потенциометрического титрования. Установлено, что внесение в раствор ЯК ионов кальция и магния приводит к снижению значений рН, что свидетельствует о наличии комплексообразования в указанных системах. Наиболее устойчивыми являются комплексы ионов кальция и магния с непротонированным лигандом при соотношении Ме2 : лиганд 1 : 1. В процессе комплексообразования ионы Ca2 и Mg2 вытесняют протоны только карбоксильных групп ЯК, которая с ионами кальция образует более устойчивые комплексы, чем с ионами магния. Показано, что устойчивость комплексов ЯК с ионами кальция и магния значительно выше, чем устойчивость комплексов фосфатидилсеринов и фосфатидных кислот с указанными ионами. Использование водных растворов ЯК в качестве гидратирующего агента позволит повысить эффективность процесса гидратации и увеличить выход фосфолипидов и, следовательно, готового продукта лецитина. The possibility of using malic acid (MA) as a hydrating agent for converting non-hydrated forms of phospholipids into hydrated ones has been investigated. The choice of MA is due to its cost, which is 1,5 times less than the cost of succinic acid, as well as greater availability from the point of view of industrial production. The study of the complexation process and determination of the composition of complex compounds of MA with calcium and magnesium ions was carried out by the method of potentiometric titration. It was found that the introduction of calcium and magnesium ions into the MA solution leads to a decrease in pH values, which indicates the presence of complexation in these systems. Complexes of calcium and magnesium ions with an unprotected ligand at a ratio of ME2 : ligand 1 : 1 are the most stable. In the process of complexing, Ca2 and Mg2 ions displace protons only of the carboxyl groups of MA, which forms more stable complexes with calcium ions than with magnesium ions. It is shown that the stability of MA complexes with calcium and magnesium ions is significantly higher than the stability of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid complexes with these ions. Using water solutions of MA as a hydrating agent will increase the efficiency of the hydration process and increase the yield of phospholipids and, consequently, the finished product lecithin.

STUDIES CONCERNING THE DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IONS IN THE DUMBRAVITA AREA DRINKING WATER (FOUNTAIN WATER)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Aurica Pop ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Photometric Method ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Precise Analysis ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium Ions

The paper showcases research conducted with the purpose of determining the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the drinking water (fountain water) of a common household located in Dumbravita, Maramures County, Romania. The photometric method was used for this goal, as well as a Calcium and Magnesium Photometer. This study argues about implementing cost efficient techniques and precise analysis in order to determine Ca and Mg ions in the water samples.

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