scholarly journals Impact of Sub-Anesthetic Dose of Ketamine on Post Spinal Hypotension in Cesarean Delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Dina Salah ◽  
Amin Mohammed Alansary
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Sedation Score ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Severe Hypotension ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spinal Hypotension ◽  
Double Blinded

Background: Spinal anesthesia is the commonest technique used in Cesarean Section (CS) and most frequently associated with maternal hypotension, for which a lot of techniques have been described to prevent but an effective method is yet to be found. Objectives; The aim was to study the effect of using a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine to prevent post-spinal hypotension in CS delivery. Methods: This double-blinded randomized controlled study was conducted on 80 participating parturients who were ASA І, П term pregnant. All the parturients received spinal anesthesia. The parturients were then randomly divided into two equal groups (n= 40 in each); ketamine group received a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine of 0.5 mg/kg IV bolus in 3 ml saline and control group received the same volume of normal saline IV bolus. Heart Rate (HR) and Mean Arterial blood Pressure (MAP) were recorded at baseline (5 minutes prior to the intrathecal injection), at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after the injection and then every 15 minutes till the end of the operation. Incidences of hypotension and severe hypotension were recorded. The total dose of ephedrine was recorded. Ramsay sedation score was recorded at baseline then 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 minutes after injection and then at the end of the operation. Results: Compared to the control group, sedation score was significantly higher among ketamine group at 5, 10 and 15 minutes. MAP and HR were significantly higher among ketamine group at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. Total ephedrine dose was significantly lower among the ketamine group. Mild hypotension and severe hypotension were significantly less frequent among the ketamine group, as all the patients in the control group had an attack of mild hypotension and 55% of this group had an attack of severe hypotension. No significant difference between both the groups regarding diplopia, nystagmus, hallucination, nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: It is concluded that ketamine in a sub-anesthetic dose is an effective agent that can be used in preventing post-spinal hypotension in parturients undergoing CS delivery.

scholarly journals Comparative study between intrathecal dexmedetomidine and intrathecal magnesium sulfate in prevention of post spinal shivering in uroscopic surgery. (RCT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Omar ◽  
Mona Hossam Eldin ◽  
Wessam Adel Aboella ◽  
Bassant Mohamed Abdelhamid ◽  
Passaint Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Sedation Score ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Hyperbaric Bupivacaine ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
Double Blinded

Abstract Background: Hypothermia and shivering are associated common complications after spinal anesthesia especially in uroscopic procedures when large amounts of cold intraluminal irrigating fluids are used. Among all adjuvants that have been used in literatures for shivering management, magnesium sulphate and dexmedetomidine were the most effective with least side effects. Our aim of the study is to compare the effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine versus intrathecal magnesium sulfate in prevention of post spinal shivering. Methods: This prospective randomized, double-blinded controlled study was conducted at Kasr El-Aini Hospital from September 2017 till April 2018, on 105 patients scheduled for uroscopic surgeries. 105 patients were randomly allocated into three groups using computerized generated random tables, Group C (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5 mg) +0.5 ml normal saline, Group M (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5 mg) +25 mg magnesium sulfate and Group D (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5mg) + 5 μg dexmedetomidine in 0.5 ml saline. Primary outcomes were the incidence and intensity of shivering. Secondary outcomes were incidence of hypothermia (Temp < 36° C), sedation, the use of pethidine to control shivering and complications as hypotension, bradycardia, nausea and vomiting. Results: C group showed statistically significant higher number of total patients who developed shivering (21), patients who developed grade IV shivering (20) and patients who needed pethidine (21) to treat shivering than M group (8,5,5) and D group (5,3,6) which were comparable to each other. Time needed to give pethidine after giving the block was similar in the three groups. Hypothermia didn’t occur in any patient in the three groups. The three groups were comparable regarding occurrence of nausea, vomiting, bradycardia & hypotension. All patients of C group, 32 patients in M group and 33 patients in D group had sedation score of 2. 3 patients in M group and 2 patients in D group had a sedation score of 3. Conclusions: intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulfate in spinal anesthesia were both effective in reducing the incidence of post spinal shivering. So, we encourage the use of magnesium sulphate being more physiological, readily available in most operating theatres and much cheaper than dexmedetomidine. Clinical trial registration ID: PACTR201801003001727

scholarly journals Hemodynamic effects of right pelvic wedge in patients undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Rohini Sigdel ◽  
Maya Lama ◽  
Sanish Gurung ◽  
Bishal Gurung ◽  
Anil Prasad Neupane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Elective Cesarean Section ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Operating Table ◽  
Hemodynamic Effects ◽  
Elective Cesarean ◽  
Spinal Hypotension ◽  
The Right

Background: Several methods have been used to prevent post spinal hypotension including preloading, co-loading, use of vasopressors, placement of pelvic wedge, lumbar wedge and tilting of operating table in parturients undergoing cesarean section. We conducted a randomized controlled study to determine the hemodynamic effects of a standard pelvic wedge placed below the right hip immediately after the spinal block till the delivery of baby. Methods: One hundred consenting women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to wedge group (N=50) and control group (N=50). A standard wedge was placed under the right pelvis soon after spinal anesthesia till the delivery of baby in wedge group whereas the control group remained supine. Hemodynamic parameters including blood pressure, heart rate, vasopressor consumption, other side effects like nausea, vomiting and neonatal outcome were also recorded. Results: The incidence of hypotension and bradycardia was similar between groups (Wedge group 60% vs Control group 75.51%, p=0.125) before the birth of baby. The use of vasopressors (p=0.212), incidence of nausea (p=0.346) and Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes (p=0.629, p=0.442) were also not statistically significant. None of the patients had vomiting. Conclusion: In our study, the use of right pelvic wedge immediately after spinal anesthesia was not effective in preventing post spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Infusion Without Loading Dose on Hemodynamic Variables and Recovery Time During Craniotomy: A Randomized Double-Blinded Controlled Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Mohammed Ibrahim ◽  
Rania Hassan ◽  
Raham Hasan Mostafa ◽  
Mayada Ahmed Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Loading Dose ◽  
Hemodynamic Stability ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Postoperative Intensive Care ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Group D ◽  
Dexmedetomidine Infusion

Background: Maintaining hemodynamic stability during intracranial surgery is one of the most important tasks. There is no general agreement regarding which anesthetics are optimal for craniotomy. Propofol and short-acting opioids are usually used, but their use is not without side effects. Recently, dexmedetomidine has been considered a safe alternative in different surgeries. Objectives: We aimed to assess the efficacy of 0.5 µg/kg/h dexmedetomidine infusion without loading dose as an adjunct to general anesthesia for craniotomy. Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Setting: Single university teaching hospital’s operating rooms and postoperative intensive care unit. Patients: A total of 50 patients scheduled for elective supratentorial craniotomy participated in this study. Interventions: Patients were randomly divided into either control group (Group C) and Dexmedetomidine group (Group D). Main outcome measure: Intraoperative hemodynamics measurements at specific timings. Results: We found that dexmedetomidine had significantly maintained mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (P-value < 0.001); with lower intraoperative fentanyl and propofol consumption in group D (132 ± 35 µg and 14 ± 30 mg, respectively) when compared to group C (260 ± 38 µg and 534 ± 66 mg, respectively). Finally, a lesser sedation level was noticed in the dexmedetomidine group, together with a significantly lesser recovery time of 10.3 ± 4 min. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine infusion without loading dose could be an efficacious and safe agent in achieving hemodynamic stability with intraoperative opioid-sparing effect and lesser recovery time.

scholarly journals Magnesium sulfate intravenous infusion versus intrathecal injection for prevention of post-spinal shivering during lower limb fracture surgery: a randomized controlled study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif Abdullah Mohamed ◽  
Nevan Mohamed El Mekawy ◽  
Raed Mohamed Abdelfattah ◽  
Ahmed Ibrahim Abdelkhalik Elsonbaty ◽  
Mohamed Ibrahim Abdelkhalik Elsonbaty
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Intravenous Route ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Insignificant Difference ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Shivering is a prevalent adverse event after spinal anesthesia, often disturbing to medical staff and hazardous to patients. Intravenous magnesium sulfate [MgSO4] has been proven to be effective in prevention of post-spinal shivering. However, the risk of intravenous route to develop hypermagnesemia in certain patients encouraged us to do this study in order to investigate the effectiveness of intrathecal MgSO4 as an alternative to the intravenous route in prevention of post-spinal shivering. The enrolled 135 patients were allocated to 3 groups, 45 patients each, groups: intrathecal [T], IV MgSO4 infusion [M], and control [C]. Group T (no. = 45) received 50 mg MgSO4 added to heavy bupivacaine 0.5% intrathecally, while group M (no. = 45) received IV MgSO4 as 50 mg/kg in 100 cc saline within 20 min as a loading dose then infused as 2 mg/kg/h after performing spinal anesthesia. The vital signs, duration and shivering grades, temperature, and adverse effects were recorded. Results T and M groups showed a significant difference from control as regard the incidence of shivering with 40%, 26.7%, and 64.4% for T, M, and C groups, respectively, patients needed rescue pethidine were 17.7%, 11.1%, and 60% for group T, M, and C, respectively, and shivering duration (min) was 24.86 ± 7.411, 20.47 ± 6.61, and 45 ± 36.2 for groups T, M, and C, respectively with a statistically insignificant difference between group T and M as regards these parameters. Conclusions Intrathecal MgSO4 has the potentiality to be used as an alternative to IV route regarding prevention of post-spinal shivering. This makes advantage for intrathecal magnesium use in patients at risk for magnesium toxicity.

scholarly journals Comparative study between intrathecal dexmedetomidine and intrathecal magnesium sulfate in prevention of post spinal shivering in uroscopic surgery. (RCT)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Omar(Former Corresponding Author) ◽  
Bassant Mohamed abdelhamid ◽  
Mohamed Hassan ◽  
Amany Hassan ◽  
Passaint Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Sedation Score ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Hyperbaric Bupivacaine ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
Double Blinded

Abstract Background: Hypothermia and shivering are associated common complications after spinal anesthesia especially in uroscopic procedures when large amounts of cold intraluminal irrigating fluids are used. Magnesium sulphate and dexmedetomidine are the most effective adjuvants with least side effects. Our aim of the study is to compare the effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine versus intrathecal magnesium sulfate in prevention of post spinal shivering. Methods: This prospective randomized, double-blinded controlled study was conducted at Kasr El-Aini Hospital on 105 patients scheduled for uroscopic surgeries. patients were randomly allocated into three groups using computerized generated random tables, Group C (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5 mg) +0.5 ml normal saline, Group M (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5 mg) +25 mg magnesium sulfate in 0.5 ml saline and Group D (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5mg) + 5 μg dexmedetomidine in 0.5 ml saline. Primary outcomes were the incidence and intensity of shivering. Secondary outcomes were incidence of hypothermia (Temp < 36° C), sedation, the use of meperidine to control shivering and complications, bradycardia, nausea and vomiting. Results: C group showed statistically significant higher number of total patients who developed shivering (21), patients who developed grade IV shivering (20) and patients who needed meperidine (21) to treat shivering than M group (8,5,5) and D group (5,3,6) which were comparable to each other. Time needed to give meperidine after giving the block was similar in the three groups. Hypothermia didn’t occur in any patient in the three groups. The three groups were comparable regarding occurrence of nausea, vomiting, bradycardia & hypotension. All patients of C group, 32 patients in M group and 33 patients in D group had sedation score of 2. 3 patients in M group and 2 patients in D group had a sedation score of 3. Conclusions: intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulfate were both effective in reducing the incidence of post spinal shivering. So, we encourage the use of magnesium sulphate being more physiological, readily available in most operating theatres and much cheaper than dexmedetomidine. Clinical trial registration ID: PACTR201801003001727, on January 2018.

scholarly journals Effect of IV Infusion of Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Pain after Spinal Anesthesia: A Prospective Randomized Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhi Singhal ◽  
Devang Bharti ◽  
Sangeeta Yadav ◽  
Nitin Hayaran
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Analgesic Requirement ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vas Scores

Background: The current study attempts to evaluate the effect of intravenous (IV) infusion of magnesium sulfate during spinal anesthesia on postoperative pain and postoperative analgesic requirements in lower limb surgeries. Methods: In this double blind, randomized controlled study, 60 patients undergoing elective lower limb surgeries, were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Group I received isotonic saline and group II was administered magnesium sulfate 50 mg Kg-1 IV for 15 min and then 15 mg Kg-1 h-1 by continuous IV infusion till the end of surgery or 2 hours, whichever was earlier. Ramsay sedation scores, VAS scores for pain, time of first administration of rescue analgesic and total analgesic requirement were noted in both the groups. Results: Statistically significant difference was observed in the VAS score between the two groups at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th hour intervals; with VAS scores being lower in the magnesium group (p<0.05). The mean time of first rescue analgesic requirement in control group was 144.00 mins, while in magnesium group was 246.00 mins (p<0.05). The total rescue analgesic requirement was found to be 251.67 mg and 181.67 mg at the end of 24 hours, in control and magnesium groups, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates statistically significant lowering of postoperative VAS scores, delayed need of postoperative analgesia and reduced total postoperative analgesic requirement in patients receiving intraoperative IV magnesium sulfate compared to the control group. Magnesium sulfate did not cause sedation or any other significant adverse effect in the doses used in the study.

scholarly journals Comparative study between intrathecal dexmedetomidine and intrathecal magnesium sulfate in prevention of post spinal shivering in uroscopic surgery. (RCT)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Omar ◽  
Wessam adel ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud Hassan ◽  
Amany Hassan ◽  
Passaint Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Sedation Score ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Hyperbaric Bupivacaine ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Group D

Abstract Background: Hypothermia and shivering are associated common complications after spinal anesthesia especially in uroscopic procedures when large amounts of cold intraluminal irrigating fluids are used. Magnesium sulphate and dexmedetomidine are the most effective adjuvants with least side effects. Our aim of the study is to compare the effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine versus intrathecal magnesium sulfate in prevention of post spinal shivering. Methods: This prospective randomized, double-blinded controlled study was conducted at Kasr El-Aini Hospital on 105 patients scheduled for uroscopic surgeries. patients were randomly allocated into three groups using computerized generated random tables, Group C (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5 mg) +0.5 ml normal saline, Group M (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5 mg) +25 mg magnesium sulfate in 0.5 ml saline and Group D (n=35) received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (12.5mg) + 5 μg dexmedetomidine in 0.5 ml saline. Primary outcomes were the incidence and intensity of shivering. Secondary outcomes were incidence of hypothermia (Temp < 36° C), sedation, the use of meperidine to control shivering and complications, bradycardia, nausea and vomiting. Results: C group showed statistically significant higher number of total patients who developed shivering (21), patients who developed grade IV shivering (20) and patients who needed meperidine (21) to treat shivering than M group (8,5,5) and D group (5,3,6) which were comparable to each other. Time needed to give meperidine after giving the block was similar in the three groups. Hypothermia didn’t occur in any patient in the three groups. The three groups were comparable regarding occurrence of nausea, vomiting, bradycardia & hypotension. All patients of C group, 32 patients in M group and 33 patients in D group had sedation score of 2. 3 patients in M group and 2 patients in D group had a sedation score of 3. Conclusions: intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulfate were both effective in reducing the incidence of post spinal shivering. So, we encourage the use of magnesium sulphate being more physiological, readily available in most operating theatres and much cheaper than dexmedetomidine.

scholarly journals The effects of magnesium sulphate on haemodynamic stress response to pneumoperitonium in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a double blinded randomised controlled study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Samiran Das ◽  
Sraboni Basu ◽  
Shibu Sasidharan ◽  
Harpreet Singh Dhillon
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Double Blinded

Background: To study the effect of intravenous magnesium sulphate on hemodynamic response to pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and to study the side effects of the drug of any.Methods: Patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 40 each. Automated NIBP, Heart rate, Nausea, headache was noted. Magnesium ion concentration was measured. Chi square test was used to test the association between different study variables under study. Corrected test was used in case of any one of the cell frequency was found less than 5 in the bivariate frequency distribution. Fisher’s Exact Test was also used in the case where the test could not be applied. Test of proportion (Z-test) was used to test the significant difference between two proportions. t-test was used to test the significant difference between means. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Patients’ characteristics were comparable in both groups. Most data related to surgery and anaesthesia were comparable in both groups. The MAP of group N (control) was significantly higher than that of group M throughout surgery (P5,P10,P20,P30, and at extubation) except at baseline and at the time of PP (P0). The MAP is better maintained in M group. Usage of GTN in the control group was significantly higher. HR of the control group was significantly higher after 20 min (P20) of pneumoperitoneum and after extubation. There was significantly more incidence of nausea and vomiting in the control group.Conclusions: Use of magnesium sulphate just before pneumoperitoneum is very useful for attenuating haemodynamic alterations to pneumoperitoneum and the requirement of antihypertensive GTN is significantly much less compared to the control group during laparoscopic surgery without increasing any adverse outcome.  

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Different Norepinephrine Regimens for Prevention of Spinal Hypotension in Cesarean Section: A Randomized Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daili Chen ◽  
Xiaofei Qi ◽  
Xiaolei Huang ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Feilong Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Hemodynamic Variables ◽  
Spinal Hypotension

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three different norepinephrine dosing regimens for preventing spinal hypotension in cesarean section. In this randomized double-blinded controlled study, 120 parturients scheduled for elective section delivery under spinal anesthesia were assigned to 1 of 4 groups. In the control group, patients received saline infusion. In three norepinephrine groups, the infusion dosage regimens were 5, 10, and 15 μg/kg/h, respectively. Hypotension was treated with a rescue bolus of 10 μg norepinephrine. The study protocol was continued until the end of surgery. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants that underwent hypotension. The proportion of hypotension participants was significantly reduced in the norepinephrine groups (37.9%, 20%, and 25%, respectively) compared to that in the control group (86.7%). However, the highest dose of norepinephrine (15 μg/kg/h) resulted in more hypertension episodes. In addition, blood pressure was better maintained in the norepinephrine 5 μg/kg/h and 10 μg/kg/h groups than in the control group and 15 μg/kg/h group. No significant differences in other hemodynamic variables, adverse effects, maternal and neonatal blood gases, or Apgar scores were observed among the groups. In summary, for patients who undergo cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia, infusion of 5–10 μg/kg/h norepinephrine was effective to reduce hypotension incidence without significant adverse effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration Number is ChiCTR-INR-16009452.

scholarly journals The effect of virtual reality glasses on anxiety during surgery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled study

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayse Zeynep Turan ◽  
Mehmet Yilmaz ◽  
Tolga Saracoglu
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Randomized Controlled Study ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference

Background & objectives: Surgery–related anxiety can be observed due to several factors in patients undergoing surgery. With developing technology virtual reality (VR) glasses have begun to be used to reduce anxiety in the preoperative period. We aimed to investigate the effect of using VR glasses on operation anxiety and sedation requirement in patients during operation under spinal anesthesia.    Methodology: We enrolled 97 patients between 18–75 y of age, ASA class I–II, in this study. Participants were randomized into VR glasses group or the standard care group. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Trait Anxiety (STAI–TA) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for State Anxiety (STAI–SA) scores preoperatively and anxiety score on VAS scale during surgery were obtained. Patients watched a movie via VR glasses (BOBO® VR Z4) after spinal anesthesia and the surgical operation was commenced thereafter. In the control group, the surgery was begun without any additional procedure. Results: Both groups were similar in terms of demographic and hemodynamic data. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of preoperative anxiety levels, STAI–SA and STAI–TA scores. However, the VAS and relative risk (RR) values were significantly lower in the study group in all measurements (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We believe that the use of VR glasses decreases perioperative anxiety and sedation requirements in patients undergoing a surgical procedure under spinal anesthesia. Key words: Spinal Anesthesia; Virtual Reality; Anxiety; Sedation Citation: Turan AZ, Yilmaz M, Saracoglu T. The effect of virtual reality glasses on anxiety during surgery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled study. Anaesth pain intensive care 2021;25(2):170-175. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i2.1469 Received: 31 January 2021, Reviewed: 22, 25 February 2021, Accepted: 27 February 2021

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