History, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaresh Mishra ◽  
Nisha Nair ◽  
Vishwas Tripathi ◽  
Yamini Pathak ◽  
Jaseela Majeed
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Similarity ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World

: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), also known as a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), reportedly originated from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Coronavirus Disease 2019 rapidly spread all over the world within a short period. On January 30th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global epidemic. COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) virus that evolves to respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and neurological complications, and eventually death. SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) genome sequences similar identity with 2019-nCoV or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, few amino acid sequences of 2019-nCoV differ from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 shares about 90% amino acid sequence similarity with SARS-CoV. Effective prevention methods should be taken in order to control this pandemic situation. Till now, there are no effective treatments available to treat COVID-19. This review provides information regarding COVID-19 history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and molecular diagnosis. Also, we focus on the development of vaccines in the management of this COVID-19 pandemic and limiting the spread of the virus.

scholarly journals Acute inflammatory painful polyradiculoneuritis: An uncommon presentation related to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Antunes Dias ◽  
Ana Luiza Nunes Cunha ◽  
Patrícia Maria Pedrosa Pantoja ◽  
Carolina Lavigne Moreira ◽  
Pedro José Tomaselli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
World Health ◽  
Uncommon Presentation ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019,1 and the World Health Organization has declared it a pandemic in March 2020. Since then, severe neurological complications associated with COVID-19 have been described, including encephalitis and stroke.2,3 Recently, it has been recognized that acute neuropathies may also occur.4,5 Herein, we report a COVID-19 patient presenting an acute refractory painful polyradiculoneuritis.

scholarly journals The 13C4 Monoclonal Antibody That Neutralizes Shiga Toxin Type 1 (Stx1) Recognizes Three Regions on the Stx1 B Subunit and Prevents Stx1 from Binding to Its Eukaryotic Receptor Globotriaosylceramide

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 6992-6998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Smith ◽  
Humberto M. Carvalho ◽  
Angela R. Melton-Celsa ◽  
Alison D. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Similarity ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Receptor Recognition

ABSTRACT The 13C4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) recognizes the B subunit of Stx1 (StxB1) and neutralizes the cytotoxic and lethal activities of Stx1. However, this MAb does not bind to the B polypeptide of Stx2, despite the 73% amino acid sequence similarity between StxB1 and StxB2. When we compared the amino acid sequences of StxB1 and StxB2, we noted three regions of dissimilarity (amino acids 1 to 6, 25 to 32, and 54 to 61) located near each other on the crystal structure of StxB1. To identify the 13C4 epitope, we generated seven Stx1/Stx2 B chimeric polypeptides that contained one, two, or three of the dissimilar StxB1 regions. The 13C4 MAb reacted strongly with StxB1 and the triple-chimeric B subunit but not with the other chimeras. Mice immunized with the triple-chimeric B subunit survived a lethal challenge with Stx1 but not Stx2, substantiating the identified regions as the 13C4 MAb epitope and suggesting that the incorporation of this epitope into StxB2 altered sites necessary for anti-Stx2-neutralizing Ab production. Next, single amino acid substitutions were made in StxB1 to mimic Stx1d, a variant not recognized by the 13C4 MAb. The 13C4 MAb reacted strongly to StxB1 with the T1A or G25A mutations but not with the N55T change. Finally, we found that the 13C4 MAb blocked the binding of Stx1 to its receptor, globotriaosyl ceramide. Taken together, these results indicate that the 13C4 MAb prevents the interaction of Stx1 with its receptor by binding three nonlinear regions of the molecule that span receptor recognition sites on StxB1, one of which includes the essential residue 55N.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of bZIP Transcription Factors inBrassica oleraceaunder Cold Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indeok Hwang ◽  
Ranjith Kumar Manoharan ◽  
Jong-Goo Kang ◽  
Mi-Young Chung ◽  
Young-Wook Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Similarity ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Bzip Transcription Factors

Cabbages (Brassica oleraceaL.) are an important vegetable crop around world, and cold temperature is among the most significant abiotic stresses causing agricultural losses, especially in cabbage crops. Plant bZIP transcription factors play diverse roles in biotic/abiotic stress responses. In this study, 119 putative BolbZIP transcription factors were identified using amino acid sequences from several bZIP domain consensus sequences. The BolbZIP members were classified into 63 categories based on amino acid sequence similarity and were also compared with BrbZIP and AtbZIP transcription factors. Based on this BolbZIP identification and classification, cold stress-responsiveBolbZIPgenes were screened in inbred lines,BN106andBN107, using RNA sequencing data and qRT-PCR. The expression level of the 3 genes,Bol008071,Bol033132, andBol042729, was significantly increased inBN107under cold conditions and was unchanged inBN106. The upregulation of these genes inBN107, a cold-susceptible inbred line, suggests that they might be significant components in the cold response. Among three identified genes,Bol033132has 97% sequence similarity toBra020735, which was identified in a screen for cold-related genes inB. rapaand a protein containing N-rich regions in LCRs. The results obtained in this study provide valuable information for understanding the potential function of BolbZIP transcription factors in cold stress responses.

Computer Analysis of Phytochrome Sequences from Five Species: Implications for the Mechanism of Action

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 987-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Partis ◽  
Rudolf Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Similarity ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
C Terminus

Abstract The amino acid sequences of phytochrome from Avena sativa, Oryza sativa, Curcurbita pepo, Pisum sativum and Arabidopsis thaliana have been analyzed with a variety of computer programs, with a view to identifying areas of the protein which contribute to the properties of this photoreceptor. A region at the C-terminus has been shown to be amphiphilic, and by ana­logy with surface-seeking peptides, may be responsible for interaction of phytochrome with lipid bilayers. Possible targeting sequences in phytochromes have been identified, including a series of four basic residues which correspond to those responsible for transport of nuclear-located proteins. Sites capable of post-translational modification have been found in monocot sequences, but not in dicot sequences. Areas of the phytochrome molecule which are exposed on the surface of the portein, and which are therefore capable of interaction with other cellular macromolecules, have been identified. Analogies with other biliproteins have been used to define minimum chromophore-protein interactions. Possible enzymic activities associated with phytochromes have been discussed with respect to local amino acid sequence similarity with enzymes.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Amino Acid Homology of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein in SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and Bat Coronavirus

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shantani Kannan ◽  
Kannan Subbaram ◽  
Sheeza Ali ◽  
Hemalatha Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Homology ◽  
Bat Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease – 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is posing a severe bio threat to the entire world. Nucleocapsids of SARS-CoV-2 and the related viruses were studied for gene and amino acid sequence homologies. In this study, we established similarities and differences in nucleocapsids in SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome – coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), bat coronavirus (bat-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome – coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We conducted a detailed analysis of the nucleocapsid protein amino acid and gene sequence encoding it, found in various coronavirus strains. After thoroughly screening the different nucleocapsids, we observed a close molecular homology between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. More than 95% sequence similarity was observed between the two SARS-CoV strains. Bat-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed 92% sequence similarity. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid analysis indicated only 65% identity. Molecular characterization of nucleocapsids from various coronaviruses revealed that SARS-CoV 2 is more related to SARS-CoV 1 and bat-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 exhibited less resemblance with MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 showed less similarity to MERS-CoV. Thus, either SARS-CoV-1 or bat-CoV may be the source of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Moreover, the existing differences in nucleocapsid molecular structures in SARS-CoV-2 make this virus more virulent and highly infectious, which means that the non-identical SARS-CoV-2 genes (which are absent in SARS-CoV-1 and bat-CoV) are responsible for COVID-19 severity. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid from different locations varied in amino acid sequences. This revealed that there are many SARS-CoV-2 subtypes/subsets currently circulating globally. This study will help to develop antiviral vaccine and drugs, study viral replication and immunopathogenesis, and synthesize monoclonal antibodies that can be used for precise COVID-19 diagnosis, without false-positive/false-negative results.

scholarly journals Φm46.1, the Main Streptococcus pyogenes Element Carrying mef(A) and tet(O) Genes

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brenciani ◽  
Alessandro Bacciaglia ◽  
Carla Vignaroli ◽  
Armanda Pugnaloni ◽  
Pietro E. Varaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Integration Site ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Similarity ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Phage Dna

ABSTRACT Φm46.1, the recognized representative of the most common variant of mobile, prophage-associated genetic elements carrying resistance genes mef(A) (which confers efflux-mediated erythromycin resistance) and tet(O) (which confers tetracycline resistance) in Streptococcus pyogenes, was fully characterized. Sequencing of the Φm46.1 genome (55,172 bp) demonstrated a modular organization typical of tailed bacteriophages. Electron microscopic analysis of mitomycin-induced Φm46.1 revealed phage particles with the distinctive icosahedral head and tail morphology of the Siphoviridae family. The chromosome integration site was within a 23S rRNA uracil methyltransferase gene. BLASTP analysis revealed that the proteins of Φm46.1 had high levels of amino acid sequence similarity to the amino acid sequences of proteins from other prophages, especially Φ10394.4 of S. pyogenes and λSa04 of S. agalactiae. Phage DNA was present in the host cell both as a prophage and as free circular DNA. The lysogeny module appears to have been split due to the insertion of a segment containing tet(O) (from integrated conjugative element 2096-RD.2) and mef(A) (from a Tn1207.1-like transposon) into the unintegrated phage DNA. The phage attachment sequence lies in the region between tet(O) and mef(A) in the unintegrated form. Thus, whereas in this form tet(O) is ∼5.5 kb upstream of mef(A), in the integrated form, tet(O), which lies close to the right end of the prophage, is ∼46.3 kb downstream of mef(A), which lies close to the left end of the prophage.

The relevance of dietetic approach of Ayurveda from the perspective of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 748-752
Author(s):  
Swapnali Khabade ◽  
Bharat Rathi ◽  
Renu Rathi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

A novel, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and spread globally from Wuhan, China. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus as a COVID- 19, a global pandemic. This pandemic happened to be followed by some restrictions, and specially lockdown playing the leading role for the people to get disassociated with their personal and social schedules. And now the food is the most necessary thing to take care of. It seems the new challenge for the individual is self-isolation to maintain themselves on the health basis and fight against the pandemic situation by boosting their immunity. Food organised by proper diet may maintain the physical and mental health of the individual. Ayurveda aims to promote and preserve the health, strength and the longevity of the healthy person and to cure the disease by properly channelling with and without Ahara. In Ayurveda, diet (Ahara) is considered as one of the critical pillars of life, and Langhana plays an important role too. This article will review the relevance of dietetic approach described in Ayurveda with and without food (Asthavidhi visheshaytana & Lanhgan) during COVID-19 like a pandemic.

scholarly journals Optimizing COVID-19 testing capabilities and clinical management using pathology informatics

JAMIA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikar Chamala ◽  
Sherri Flax ◽  
Petr Starostik ◽  
Kartikeya Cherabuddi ◽  
Nicole M Iovine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
World Health ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Pathology Informatics ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The University ◽  
Reporting Data

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019, first reported in China in late 2019, has quickly spread across the world. The outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Here, we describe our initial efforts at the University of Florida Health for processing of large numbers of tests, streamlining data collection, and reporting data for optimizing testing capabilities and superior clinical management. Specifically, we discuss clinical and pathology informatics workflows and informatics instruments which we designed to meet the unique challenges of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing. We hope these results benefit institutions preparing to implement SARS-CoV-2 testing.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2-Cholesterol Interaction: A Lot of Food for Thought

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Giovanni Di Guardo
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Catastrophe ◽  
Health Organization

With over 80 million cases, and 1,800,000 deaths reported at the end of 2020 by the World Health Organization, the “CoronaVirus Disease-2019” (CoViD-19) pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), should be viewed as a global catastrophe [...]

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