Neuroendocrine Control of the Immune Response During Helminth Infections

More than one-third of the world’s population is infected with one or more helminthic parasites. Helminth infections are prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions where malaria pathogens are transmitted. Malaria is the most widespread and deadliest parasitic disease. The severity of the disease is strongly related to parasite density and the host’s immune responses. Furthermore, coinfections between both parasites occur frequently. However, little is known regarding how concomitant infection with helminths andPlasmodiumaffects the host’s immune response. Helminthic infections are frequently massive, chronic, and strong inductors of a Th2-type response. This implies that infection by such parasites could alter the host’s susceptibility to subsequent infections byPlasmodium. There are a number of reports on the interactions between helminths andPlasmodium; in some, the burden ofPlasmodiumparasites increased, but others reported a reduction in the parasite. This review focuses on explaining many of these discrepancies regarding helminth-Plasmodiumcoinfections in terms of the effects that helminths have on the immune system. In particular, it focuses on helminth-induced immunosuppression and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization toward the Th1 or Th2 arms of the immune response.

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The Role of the Intestinal Epithelium in the “Weep and Sweep” Response during Gastro—Intestinal Helminth Infections

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani12020175 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 175

Author(s):

Piotr Bąska ◽

Luke James Norbury

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽

Intestinal Helminth ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Motor Systems ◽

Metazoan Parasites ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Microfold Cells

Helminths are metazoan parasites infecting around 1.5 billion people all over the world. During coevolution with hosts, worms have developed numerous ways to trick and evade the host immune response, and because of their size, they cannot be internalized and killed by immune cells in the same way as bacteria or viruses. During infection, a substantial Th2 component to the immune response is evoked which helps restrain Th1-mediated tissue damage. Although an enhanced Th2 response is often not enough to kill the parasite and terminate an infection in itself, when tightly coordinated with the nervous, endocrine, and motor systems it can dislodge parasites from tissues and expel them from the gut. A significant role in this “weep and seep” response is attributed to intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). This review highlights the role of various IEC lineages (enterocytes, tuft cells, Paneth cells, microfold cells, goblet cells, and intestine stem cells) during the course of helminth infections and summarizes their roles in regulating gut architecture and permeability, and muscle contractions and interactions with the immune and nervous system.

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Immune Response to Helminth Infections and Its Role in Treatment for Autoimmune Disorders

The Th2 Type Immune Response in Health and Disease ◽

10.1007/978-1-4939-2911-5_8 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 131-154

Author(s):

Rowann Bowcutt ◽

Martin J. Wolff ◽

P’ng Loke

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Autoimmune Disorders ◽

Helminth Infections

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The Demonstration of Antibodies in the Intestinal Mucus of Sheep Infected with Oesophagostomum Columbianum by Means of the Percutaneous Anaphylaxis Test

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9660339 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 339 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

C Dobson

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Direct Approach ◽

The Third ◽

Intestinal Mucus ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Oesophagostomum Columbianum ◽

Third Stage

There is little evidence in the literature that a direct approach has been made to the demonstration of antibodies against helminth infections in mucus (Pierce 1959; Soulsby 1960). Soulsby attempted to detect these antibodies in intestinal mucus with haemagglutinating techniques but had no success. Less direct evidence is available, however, for the existence of immune substances in the intestinal mucus of infected animals, because Douvres (1962) has reported the existence of in vitro precipitin reactions against the third-stage and third-moult phase larvae of Oesophagostomum radiatum using intestinal extracts from infected calves. Similarly the hypertrophy of lymphoid (Soulsby 1962) and mucin (Wells 1963) cells within the intestinal tissues during nematode infections is indicative of an immune response.

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Immunity against Helminths: Interactions with the Host and the Intercurrent Infections

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2010/428593 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Emmanuelle Moreau ◽

Alain Chauvin

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Chronic Infection ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Economic Importance ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Strong Immune Response ◽

Helminth Infections

Helminth parasites are of considerable medical and economic importance. Studies of the immune response against helminths are of great interest in understanding interactions between the host immune system and parasites. Effector immune mechanisms against tissue-dwelling helminths and helminths localized in the lumen of organs, and their regulation, are reviewed. Helminth infections are characterized by an association of Th2-like and Treg responses. Worms are able to persist in the host and are mainly responsible for chronic infection despite a strong immune response developed by the parasitized host. Two types of protection against the parasite, namely, premune and partial immunities, have been described. Immune responses against helminths can also participate in pathogenesis. Th2/Treg-like immunomodulation allows the survival of both host and parasite by controlling immunopathologic disorders and parasite persistence. Consequences of the modified Th2-like responses on co-infection, vaccination, and inflammatory diseases are discussed.

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The evasion of the immune response and immunological unresponsiveness: Parasitic helminth infections

Immunology Letters ◽

10.1016/0165-2478(87)90164-7 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 16 (3-4) ◽

pp. 315-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

E.J.L. Soulsby

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Parasitic Helminth ◽

Helminth Infections

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Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1004140 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. e1004140 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Aprilianto E. Wiria ◽

Erliyani Sartono ◽

Taniawati Supali ◽

Maria Yazdanbakhsh

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Immune Response ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Type 2 Immune Response

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The Difference of Eosinophil Amount in Tuberculosis Patients with and without Soil-Transmitted Helminths Co-infection in Panti District, Jember

NurseLine Journal ◽

10.19184/nlj.v5i1.16729 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 195

Author(s):

Yunita Armiyanti ◽

Nisrina Salsabila Firmansyah ◽

Angga Mardro Raharjo ◽

Muhammad Ali Shodikin ◽

Enny Suswati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tuberculosis Patients ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Leukocyte Counts ◽

The Difference ◽

Cross Sectional Design

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis is one of the world's health problems even in Indonesia. The immune response that needed to deal with TB can be influenced by other infections, such as helminth infection. The helminth infections induce Th2 immune responses and eosinophilia to eliminate these pathogen. Meanwhile, the Th2 response and eosinophilia can also suppress the Th1 immune response which is very important to eliminate the bacterium M. tuberculosis and make a negative impact on the success of TB therapy. Thus, the eosinophil profile can describe the immune response in TB patients with helminth co-infection. This study aims to determine the prevalence of helminthiasis in TB patients and determine the differences in eosinophil amount in tuberculosis patients with and without helminth co-infection. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design conducted at Puskesmas Panti in August 2019-January 2020 using fecal and blood samples from 24 research subjects. Helminth co-infection status was obtained from fecal examination with sedimentation and flotation methods while the number of eosinophils was obtained from leukocyte counts. Data analysis used the Mann Whitney U test to determine differences in the number of eosinophils in the two groups. The results showed there was no difference in the number of eosinophils in TB patients with helminth co-infection and without helminth co-infection (p> 0.05). There is no typical picture of the number of eosinophils in both groups so that eosinophils cannot describe the immune response that arose in TB patients with helminth co-infections in Panti district, Jember.

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