Molecular identification of Haemonchus contortus in goats

Haemonchus contortus commonly called the stomach worm or wire worm of ruminants inhabits the abomasum and is considered to be one of the economically important gastrointestinal strongyles in goats. In the present study, H. contortus was identified by PCR using the primers targeting partial 5.8S and partial internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS-2). Adult worms were identified morphologically and genomic DNA was extracted using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (QIAGEN, Germany). Gradient PCR protocol was standardised using the extracted genomic DNA. Ten-fold serial dilution of adult DNA was used to analyse the minimum detection limit and the products were amplified upto the tenth dilution. Cross reaction of primer sets was checked using the DNA extracted from predominant adult srongyles like Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichostrongylus colubriformis and no cross reaction was seen at the optimum annealing temperature (60.7°C).

Morphometrical and Molecular Characterization of Oesophagostomum columbianum (Chabertiidae: Oesophagostominae) and Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae: Haemonchinae) Isolated from Goat (Capra hircus) in Sylhet, Bangladesh

This study was aimed at describing two (2) intestinal nematodes from naturally infected native breed of goats (Capra hircus) in Bangladesh, identified as Oesophagostomum columbianum (Curtice, 1890) Stossich 1899 and Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898. The identification was made based on morphometric features and was confirmed by amplifying internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome c oxidase (cox1) gene. Well-developed lateral alae, distinct cervical papillae anteriorly to esophageal expansion, and male spicule length (0.73-0.79 mm, n = 2 ) were characteristically observed in O. columbianum. At the same time, male spicule length (0.40-0.46 mm, n = 2 ) and position of female vulvar flap (4.30-4.54 mm from posterior end, n = 3 ) were observed in H. contortus. DNA sequence homology of the ITS and cox1 gene of both specimens revealed the same results, showing similarity to the GenBank sequences of O. columbianum (GenBank No. KC715827; JX188470) and H. contortus (GenBank No. KJ724377; HQ389229). Phylogenetic analysis computed by maximum livelihood (ML) from the ITS nucleotide sequences revealed that the O. columbianum and H. contortus isolates identified in this study were clustered in the same clade with isolates from China and Iran, respectively. This study, for the first time, illustrates the characteristics of O. columbianum and H. contortus in Bangladesh, combining both morphological and molecular data. The universal primer-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol could be an economical and efficient option for researchers from poor resource settings for precise identification of nematodes. The information generated in this study may contribute to formulating effective control strategies against these nematodes.

Influence of Low and High Temperatures on the Development of Haemonchus Contortus and Oesophagostomum Columbianum Larvae in Nigeria

EGGS of Haemonchus contortus and Oesophagostomum columbianum exposed to a constant temperature of 13.8°C at 100% relative humidity developed to the infective third stage larvae within 15 and 18 days respectively. Exposure of eggs for nine hours at 40.6°C and 100% relative humidity was lethal but development to the infective stage was achieved by culturing at 27°C after six hours of exposure at 400C and 100% relative humidity. The normal Nigerian temperature range of 13.8°C [lowest minimum for Obudu Cattle Ranch] to 40.6°C (maximum for Maiduguri) is therefore suitable for survival and development of these stronglyle eggs to the infective stages at any season in the country.

LEVANTAMIENTO DE PARASITOS GASTROINTESTINALES EN OVINOS CRIADOS Y COMERCIALIZADOS EN LA MICROREGACIÓN DE CRUCERO DEL SUR, PARANÁ, BRAZIL

The sheep farming mainly in the southern region of Brazil. In Paraná State the production is mainly performed in small areas with large capacity of animals, favoring the contamination of pastures and the infection of animals by gastrointestinal parasites that mostly present quickly spread. The small breeding, mostly found in this region, do not follow standards of breeding sheep, however, it was observed a higher prevalence of sheep breeding woolless, probably due to the weather favorable to the creation of these animals. In this study performed in the northwest of Paraná State, samples were randomly collected in 87 animals from five different properties. In each property was collected 30% of each category stipulated in the flock: one to three months, three to six months, six months dose, and animals over one year of age. After collecttion the feces were sent to the Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of UNINGA, applying method of OPG. We calculated the prevalence of identified parasites. The results demonstrated a higher prevalence (68,96%) of eggs of nematodas Strongylida type, being 60/87 parasitized animals; Strongyloides (Bavay, 1876) 25/87 samples (28,73%); Nematodiros sp. (Ransom, 1907) 6/87 (6,98%), Tricuris sp. (Ransom, 1911) 3/87 (3,44%); toxocara vitulorum (Stiles, 1905) 2/87 (2,29%); there were eggs of trematodes digenetics Dicrocolium sp. (Loos, 1907) 2/87 (2.29%), and oocysts of protozoa of the genus Eimeria sp. (Schneider, 1875) appearing on 39/87 samples (44,82%), and Cryptosporidium sp. (Tyzzer, 1907) 1/87 (1,14%). In a property was performed the autopsy of an animal, and found Oesophagostomum columbianum (Railliet & Henry, 1913), where probably the eggs Strongylidae found are due to infection by this parasite.

The Incidence of Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis in Etawa Crossbred Goat in Etawa Farm Jombang

Background: Goat is one type of small ruminant that has a contribution to supporting the development of livestock and is an alternative to meet the needs of animal protein in Indonesian society. The current goat raising system is still carried out by being caged or semi-grazed. In this maintenance system, goats are very susceptible to parasitic diseases, especially those caused by the digestive tract worms. Gastrointestinal worms are a significant problem in livestock, especially small ruminants that cause health problems, such as diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased appetite. Purpose: To determine the percentage and types of digestive tract helminths in Etawa crossbred goats by age. Method: 30 feces samples from Etawa crossbred goats were collected for laboratory examination using native, sedimentation, and flotation methods. Result: From the microscopic examination, it was found that the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis was 56.6%. Also, the type of worm eggs found in the feces samples from Etawa crossbred goats were Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Moniezia benedeni, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Strongyloides papillosus, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus sp., and Trichuris globulosa.

Detection of parasitic helminths in cattle from Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Aim: The objective of this research was to identify the parasite species found in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of Aceh cattle slaughtered in a Banda Aceh slaughterhouse using lactophenol and semichon carmine staining. Materials and Methods: Each sample out of 50 samples of gastrointestinal tract and pancreas from Aceh cattle slaughtered in a Banda Aceh slaughterhouse was separated by organ. Each organ was examined for the presence of worm. Then, the parasitic worms found were subsequently collected and separated based on class and species, followed by staining using lactophenol and semichon carmine. The worms were then identified and their prevalence was determined. Results: The results showed that three species of parasites were successfully identified, all belonging to the nematode class, namely, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Oesophagostomum columbianum, and Setaria labiatopapillosa with the prevalence of 12%, 10%, and 6%, respectively. In addition, there was one species of parasite from the trematode class, namely, Eurytrema pancreaticum with prevalence of 0.4%. Conclusion: The nematode class worms, such as O. radiatum, O. columbianum, and S. labiatopapillosa, can be stained by lactophenol, while the trematode class worm such as E. pancreaticum can be stained by semichon's carmine.

Prevalencia de nematodos gastrointestinales en alpacas y ovinos de dos cooperativas comunales de la región Pasco, Perú

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de nematodos gastrointestinales en alpacas Huacaya y ovinos Corriedale de plantel de dos cooperativas comunales de la región Pasco, Perú. Entre febrero de 2014 y abril de 2016 se colectaron 238 muestras fecales de alpacas y 319 de ovinos en San Pedro de Racco y 215 muestras fecales de ovinos y 178 de alpacas en Yurajhuanca. El contaje fecal de huevos de nematodos se determinó mediante la técnica de McMaster modificada y la identificación de los géneros parasitarios a través de la identificación morfométrica de larvas infectivas (L3). Las prevalencias generales fueron de 65.2% (208/319) y 21.4% (51/238) para nematodos en ovinos y alpacas de la cooperativa San Pedro de Racco, y de 35.4% (76/215) y 3.9% (7/178) para nematodos en ovinos y alpacas de la cooperativa Yurajhuanca, respectivamente. Las especies halladas en ovinos y alpacas de ambas cooperativas fueron Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichostrongylus columbiformis y Teladorsagia circumcincta.

Nematode resistance to five anthelmintic classes in naturally infected sheep herds in Northeastern Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of nematode resistance to anthelmintics on sheep herds from the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was carried out on 20 properties. In each herd, 30 animals were divided into five groups containing six animals each: group I, treated with albendazole 10%, 4 mg/kg; group II, ivermectin 0.08%, 0.2 mg/kg; group III, closantel 10%, 10 mg/kg; group IV, levamisole hydrochloride 5%, 5 mg/kg; and group V, monepantel 2.5%, 2.5 mg/kg. All treatments were administered orally as a single dose. Fecal samples were collected on days zero and 10 after treatment, to perform FECRT and coprocultures. Multiresistance was observed in all the properties; 95% had high resistance to albendazole, 85% to ivermectin, 80% to closantel, 40% to levamisole, and 45% to monepantel. On property 15, where monepantel was ineffective, a second FECRT for this anthelmintic was carried out 4 months after the first, resulting in 75% efficacy. Immediately after the FECRT result, two ewes were euthanized and necropsied, and Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum columbianum, and Trichuris ovis were recovered. It was concluded that the resistance of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes to antthelmintic, including monepantel, is high.

Observação Preliminares sobre a Populacão de Endoparasitas de Ovinos Tratados com Farelo de Azadirachta Indica a 1% na Ração

Um grupo de 10 ovinos suplementados com farelo de nim a 1% na ração diária, tiveram suas fezes monitoradas nos dias 0, 7 e 27, através da contagem da OPG. No dia 27 dois animais do grupo de 10 foram abatidos para consumo.O material gastrointestinal foi recolhido e analisado para identificação e quantificação dos parasitos encontrados. Os resultados da contagem de OPG indicaram a presença de ovos da família Strongiloydea em quatro indivíduos. Os outros seis animais apresentaram OPG negativo. O resultado encontrado no conteúdo grastrintestinal dos dois animais (3 e 4 ) abatidos revelaram a presença dos seguintes parasitas respectivamente: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus sp., Oesophagostomum columbianum e Moniezia sp; a quantidade dos parasitas se apresentavam em níveis toleráveis aos animais, infestados. Esta observação preliminar, além de indicar uma possível ação da planta sobre parasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos serve para consolidar a formação de um grupo de pesquisa em agroecologia animal com estudantes e pesquisadores de instituições parceiras.