Ethics of Death and Dying: Historical Perspective

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald J. Gruman
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Therapeutic Principle ◽  
The Individual

The ethical dilemmas surrounding dying and death today can be understood more adequately when placed in an historical perspective. The methodology of intellectual history is employed to examine the sequence of cultural stages from prehistory to the contemporary scene, using the concept of the death system (Kastenbaum) as an organizing formulation. It is suggested in conclusion that a modern version of the meliorist ethos can lend support to the on-going modes of biomedical research and the application of the activist therapeutic principle in medical practice. Humanity has labored and suffered too much to abandon hope at this time and either submerge the personality of the individual or turn to a nihilistic “death worship” (Borkenau).

The Globalization of Health Law: The Case of Permissibility of Placebo-based Research

2000 ◽  
Vol 26 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 175-186
Author(s):  
Timothy S. Jost
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Internet Pharmacies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Communications ◽  
National Borders

If any trend can be confidently predicted for the next millennium (or, more modestly, for our lifetimes) it is the globalization of health law. We live in an age of global markets and global communications. While care of the individual patient has remained largely local, national borders are quite porous to health care professionals. The cross-border flow of patients is a significant factor in some regions, and the development of telemedicine and internet pharmacies is radically expanding the possibility of cross-border medical practice.

Can Communities Protect Autonomy? Ethical Dilemmas in HIV Preventative Drug Trials

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Zion
Keyword(s):  
Advance Directive ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Drug Trials ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
Gay Community ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trial Participants

Before sailing past the sirens' “flowery meadow,” Ulysses instructed his sailors to lash him to the mast so that he would not succumb to the siren's singing. His advance directive demonstrated that he valued his dispositional or long-term autonomy over his unquestioned right to make decisions. He also indicated to his oarsmen that he understood the nature of temptation and his inability to resist it. Ideas of autonomy and sexual choice are central to this discussion of new AIDS treatments, especially the trials of preventative vaccines. Questions arise over the rights of individuals and the extent that these should be limited by concerns of the gay community. Should the gay community intervene in the risky decisions of individuals if no explicit advance directive exists? If so, how do they justify their paternalism? Could their aims not be better served through strengthening the individual dispositional autonomy of trial participants rather than making specific claims about the common good?

Vascular Duplex Study: A Historical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Abul Hasan Muhammad Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Medical Ultrasound ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Ultrasound Technology

Ultrasound is a key investigating tool aiding diagnosis and treatment in the day-to-day medical practice nowadays. Like any other invention, ultrasound technology also has a long history strewn with successes and setbacks. From its modest beginning, it has come a long way to be applied not only in medical science but also in many other areas including navigation and warfare. Scientistsengineers, physicists, mathematicians, biomedical engineers and physicians worked relentlessly over centuries to bring about developments in the field of ultrasound technology as a whole. Medical ultrasound has a relatively recent history that has seen great dedication and commitment from researchers to achieve the degree of finesse we see today. The present article looks back on the historical aspects of ultrasound technology with a focus on medical ultrasound. Cardiovasc j 2021; 14(1): 55-60

scholarly journals Posthumanism and the New Ethics of Medical Practice—Epidemiology as the New Deontological Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Author(s):  
Timea Vitan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vantage Points

In the context of the COVID19 pandemic, during last year all public attention has been focused on Medicine. Epidemiology is no longer just one medical specialty among many others, but became the main paradigm and the unique background of medical science. The individual pacient has turned into the collective pacient. Medical policies are not centered on the pacient anymore, but on its social group. In this article I will try to show how the characteristics of medical practice changed since the pandemic began and which are the deontological implications of such changes. With a short introduction on the medical policies proposed by the WHO during the last decades, I wish to underline the recent history of medical practice and its obvious turning point occasioned by the pandemic. Once the new bioethical vantage points are set, I wonder to which extent posthumanist philosophy foresaw this new deontological paradigm. Having Rosi Braidotti`s “The Posthuman” as my starting point, I maintain that medical doctors no longer practice on a humanist background, but with a sort of commitment that goes beyond the individual. However, this is not an antihumansit pledge, because contemporary medical doctors still adhere to certain humanist principles. As it so often happens, we will be left with even more questions. If the pacient is no longer the individual, but the group of individuals, which is the nature of a symptom and how should we decipher its meaning? How would a new medical science look like if we are to build it not on a human but on a posthuman biology?

Cyberspace Ethics and Information Warfare

2011 ◽  
pp. 154-163
Author(s):  
Matthew Warren ◽  
William Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Computer Security ◽  
New World ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Global Level ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The Individual

We have seen a rise in computer misuse at a global level and also the development of new policies and strategies to describe organized computer security attacks against the information society–these strategies are described as being “information warfare.” This is very different from the traditional view of attack against computers by the individual, determined hacker, a cyber warrior with a code of conduct to follow. Today the threats come from individuals, corporations, government agencies (domestic and foreign), organized crime and terrorists. This new world of conflict in the electronic ether of virtual cyberspace has brought with it a new set of ethical dilemmas.

Cyberspace Ethics and Information Warfare

2011 ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
Matthew Warren ◽  
William Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Computer Security ◽  
New World ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Global Level ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The Individual

We have seen a rise in computer misuse at a global level and also the development of new policies and strategies to describe organized computer security attacks against the information society–these strategies are described as being “information warfare.” This is very different from the traditional view of attack against computers by the individual, determined hacker, a cyber warrior with a code of conduct to follow. Today the threats come from individuals, corporations, government agencies (domestic and foreign), organized crime and terrorists. This new world of conflict in the electronic ether of virtual cyberspace has brought with it a new set of ethical dilemmas.

scholarly journals The aging physician: A practical approach to protect our patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
John T Fortunato ◽  
Daniel Londyn Menkes
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
The Public ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
Practical Recommendations ◽  
Practicing Physicians

As the median age of practicing physicians increases, ethical dilemmas due to age-related cognitive decline among clinicians will become ever more pressing. Compelling data show that despite acknowledgement of their duty to protect the public, physicians often fail to report themselves, their colleagues, or their physician-patients when cognitive decline appears to impact medical practice adversely. As such, efforts to educate physicians about ethical obligations and various tactful methodologies to report themselves or others seem ineffective. Illustrated by a case report of age-related cognitive decline in a practicing physician, practical recommendations are made both to develop and validate cognitive screening in middle-aged physicians, presumably before the onset of age-related cognitive decline.

Balancing between Contradictions: The Meaning of Interaction with People Suffering from Dementia and “Behavioral Disturbances”

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla H. Graneheim ◽  
Ulf Isaksson ◽  
Inga-Maj Persson Ljung ◽  
Lilian Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Narrative Interviews ◽  
Behavioral Disturbances ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Individual

Interacting with people who suffer from dementia poses a challenge for care providers, and the presence of behavioral disturbances adds a further complication. Our article is based on the assumption that behavioral disturbances are meaningful expressions of experiences. Six narrative interviews were conducted with care providers with the aim of illuminating the meaning of interaction with people suffering from dementia and behavioral disturbances. The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed into text, and interpreted using a phenomenological hermeneutic methodology. The findings indicate that interacting with people with dementia and behavioral disturbances, as narrated by care providers, means balancing between contradictions concerning meeting the person in my versus her/his world, feeling powerless versus capable, and feeling rejected versus accepted. Interaction involves being at various positions along these continua at different points in time. Furthermore, it means facing ethical dilemmas concerning doing good for the individual or the collective. This is interpreted as a dialectic process and is reflected on in light of Hegel's reasoning about the struggle between the master and the slave.

St. Thomas Aquinas in Historical Perspective: The Modern Period

1975 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia L. Colish
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Hundredth Anniversary ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Two Generations

Witnessing as it did the seven hundredth anniversary of the death of St. Thomas Aquinas, the year 1974 was marked by multiple conferences and publications dedicated to his life, his thought and his place in medieval intellectual history. The recently completed septicentennial also provides a useful vantage point from which to examine the current historiographical assessment of St. Thomas' influence in modern intellectual history. Aquinas scholars devoted little systematic attention to this topic in 1974, a fact which, in itself, reflects a striking and persistent imbalance within the field of Aquinas studies. It is a commonplace to state that St. Thomas enjoyed an authority in the period since the thirteenth century far exceeding any he achieved in his own day. Yet, a consideration of the historiography of Thomas' place in modern thought reveals the fact that the Angelic Doctor's substantial post-medieval reputation has not generally been matched by an equally plentiful measure of historical understanding. For two generations, historians of the Middle Ages have made great strides toward the systematic recovery of the historical Thomas Aquinas. But the task of uncovering the historical significance of his thought within the changing contexts of post-medieval culture still awaits its Grabmanns and Chenus.

scholarly journals Prison medicine: ethics and equivalence

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Birmingham ◽  
Simon Wilson ◽  
Gwen Adshead
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Good Medical Practice

SummaryGuidelines for good medical practice do not reflect the complex reality of the ethical problems that arise in prison. Perhaps the best a doctor working in prison can do is realise that there are ethical dilemmas everywhere, try to recognise them and feel the tension.

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