scholarly journals A Cognitive-Semantic Study of Conceptual Metaphors in English News Reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Hoshang Farooq Jawad ◽  
Aram Kamil Noori
Keyword(s):  
Life Experiences ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Political News ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Conversational Language

This study explores how the development of the conceptual metaphor theory opened new horizons into the way language can be manipulated in the portrayal of the world and our immediate and distant environment of which news, including political news are part. Moreover, political news is the most pervasive type we continually come into contact in our daily communication.  Conceptual metaphor is a relation between two conceptual domains, namely, source domain which is concrete, and target domain which is abstract. For example, ARGUMENT IS WAR. We conceptualize and understand "ARGUMENT", the target domain, in terms of "WAR", and the source domain via a process called "mapping". The goal of the study is to carry out a cognitive analysis of conceptual metaphors used in political news reports and how reports of the two newspapers construe political issues reflected in their reports. Accordingly, the study aims to provide answers to such questions as:  How common are conceptual metaphors in English news reports of the online political register?  What types of conceptual metaphors are used in news reports in English newspapers?  How conceptual metaphors are experimentally based to human beings' life experiences? Based upon these research questions, it is hypothesized that Conceptual metaphors are argued to be as common in the news reports of the political register as they are in daily conversational language. Some types of conceptual metaphors are argued to be more common than others in the register in question. Moreover, all the conceptual metaphors are argued to have experiential bases which are related to our life experiences. Index Terms— conceptual metaphor, source domain, target domain, invariance principle, news reports.

Red-hot faces and burnt hearts

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-516
Author(s):  
Sérgio N. Menete ◽  
Guiying Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Bodily Experience ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
African Languages

Abstract People from different languages draw from the knowledge they have from the domain of heat (source domain) and apply it to the domain of anger (target domain) through metaphor. This was also found to be the case with Amharic and Changana. Our study investigates how anger is metaphorically conceptualized in these two languages. Many similarities were found even though variations do exist cross-linguistically. It is suggested that the similarities between these languages in conceptualizing anger lie in the fact that human beings share the same bodily experience: (physiology) embodiment, even though variations may arise due to the differences in cultural embodiment (race, values and geographical localization, etc). The study seeks to demonstrate how these two dimensions contribute to the overall conceptual structure of anger is heat metaphor in these two (unrelated) African languages.

scholarly journals Le metafore di intensificazione in russo: la realizzazione linguistica del concetto di COMPLETEZZA

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Valentina Benigni
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Round Form

Adopting a data based approach, the study explores Russian intensifying metaphors of COMPLETENESS. A wide range of instantiations of the metaphor of COMPLETENESS is analyzed within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980), comprising achievement of a result (soveršennyj idiot), filled container (nabityj durak) and round form (kruglyj otličnik). The contrastive perspective (Russian-English-Italian) provides new insights on the mapping of the source domain of COMPLETENESS onto the target domain of INTENSITY in different languages and cultures.

Iranian EFL Learners' Cognitive Styles and Their Explanations of Conceptual Metaphors

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Somaye Piri ◽  
Dara Tafazoli
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Metaphor Processing

The current study aims to investigate Iranian EFL learners' cognitive styles and their explanations of conceptual metaphors, offering a possible range of individual differences in metaphor processing. 71 participants were asked to explain some established conceptual metaphors that are commonly used in English. Then, their cognitive styles were classified into “analytic” or “holistic” and “imager” or “verbalizer” by means of cognitive styles test. Data analysis revealed that 29 participants (40.85%) explained the three conceptual metaphors by making structural correspondences between source and target domain. Moreover, 20 participants (28.17%) explained at least one of the metaphors by applying elements which were not part of the source domain. The results of the experiment revealed that learners with “holistic” cognitive styles were more likely to blend their conception of the target domain with the source domain in comparison to participants with “analytic” styles; also, “imagers” were more likely than “verbalizers” to refer to stereotypical images to explain the metaphors.

scholarly journals On Application of Metonymy in Advertisements

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Jing Sun ◽  
Yuewu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
The Media ◽  
Abstract Ideas

<em>Metonymy, as a thinking way, on the basis of contiguity, uses one object to replace another object to activate the association for them in the same Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM). In other words, metonymy stresses on the mentally transformed process from the source domain to the target domain in the same Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM). Idealized cognitive models are those structures which help conceptualizing some certain entities, events and even abstract ideas in his mind in a specific cultural background. There are some main characteristics of idealized cognitive models. The most principal and prime point is that ICMs are idealized and cultural-based. What’s more important, ICMs are embodied because of the interaction between human beings and the outside world. Last but not least, ICMs are a kind of complex gestalt structure due to the compositions of many cognitive models. Later, as the media and Internet have developed dramatically, the merchants want to use a brief way to promote their products so that there appears the advertisement. Gradually, the advertisement gets into our life and then it is a part of our life. The characteristics of advertisement are brief and clear to attract most of the consumers. It is universally known that there is an AIDA principle in advertisements. “A” means attention. “I’ is interesting. “D” shows desire. “A” refers to action. In the end, not only can we draw the conclusions that the application of metonymy in advertisement can help highlight the features of advertisements so that it makes the advertisement more vivid and interesting, but also that the advertisements containing metonymy can give the customers great impressions as well as they can attach to the final destination to help the boss sell more products.</em>

scholarly journals Introduction of Synesthetic Metaphors in English-Ukrainian Translations of Fiction

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Cognitive Operation ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Working Together ◽  
New Type ◽  
Touch Sensation ◽  
Domain Concept

Along with the cognitive operations of reconstruction, elimination and substitution of synesthetic metaphors, translational decisions are also based on the cognitive operation of introduction of synesthetic metaphor, which does not exist in the original. The aim of the article is to reveal and describe the cases of introduction of synesthetic metaphors, absent in the original, in the Ukrainian translations of the English text. Synesthetic metaphors are named so, because of the similarity with the phenomenon of synesthesia, which is studied in psychology as the deep interaction of sense organs, in which these organs are "working" together creating a new type of sensibility, named synesthesia. Special feature of such metaphors implies the fact that in contrast to the conceptual metaphors, in which basic domains are the background for the interpretation of the abstract domains, in synesthetic metaphors both source domain/concept and target domain/concept are basic ones, embedded directly into the bodily sensations. Understanding domain we follow R. Langacker, as a concept or conceptual complex of any degree complexity, containing background information, and helping to understand the meaning of the language unit, actualized in the discourse; in other words domains are the background knowledge (basis) for the distinguishing (profiling) of concepts. Domains are distinguished into basic and abstract. Conceptual metaphor we interpred following G. Lakoff, M. Johnsons and Z. Kovecses as the result of the cognitive operation of mapping or projecting, in which abstract conceptual structure (target domain/concept) is identified in terms of concrete (embedded in our bodily experience) mental structure (source domain/concept). Application of methodological tools of conceptual metaphor theory made it possible to reveal synesthetic metaphors, introduced in the translation, based on the following cognitive models: VISION is TOUCH (SENSATION of SHARP SURFACE), HEARING is TOUCH ( SENSATION of DRY/HOT/SOFT SURFACE). Application of operation of introduction of synesthetic metaphor model helps to reveal in translation communicative sense implied by the author of the original.

Kingdom of heaven versus nirvana: a comparative study of conceptual metaphors for Christian and Buddhist ideals of life

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuping Gao ◽  
Chun Lan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Kingdom Of Heaven ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Upcoming Event ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract This paper adopts Conceptual Metaphor Theory to compare the Christian ideal of life, i.e. the kingdom of heaven and the Buddhist ideal of life, i.e. nirvana. Through a systematic investigation of the metaphorical expressions bearing the two concepts in the Book of Mathew and the Lotus Sutra, we find that they share the static metaphor (the kingdom of heaven/nirvana is a container), i.e. both religions envision the ideal state of life as entering a container. Dynamically, the kingdom of heaven is conceptualized as an upcoming event while nirvana as the destination of a journey. The two dynamic metaphors reveal four major differences. Firstly, the kingdom of heaven is described as arrival into and nirvana as departure from the mundane world. Secondly, the arrival of the kingdom of heaven aims to eliminate the sin of human beings while the departure for nirvana aims to leave behind bitterness of the mundane world. Thirdly, the kingdom of heaven emphasizes the dichotomy between the good and the evil while nirvana emphasizes delivering all living beings. Fourthly, God acts as a king and judge in the final judgement of the kingdom of heaven while Buddha acts as a guide in the journey to nirvana.

scholarly journals Didactic potential of metaphors used in medical discourse

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 102-116
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Karska ◽  
Ewelina Prażmo
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Cognitive Faculties ◽  
Multimodal Representations ◽  
The Impact

Specialist languages should be straightforward and unambiguous. In areas such as law, business or medicine precision and to-the-point wording is required. However, in order to facilitate the description of complicated matters, and especially in expert to non-expert communication, unexpected strategies, e.g. metaphorisation, are used. Conceptual metaphor theory, as initially introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (cf. Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) states that human beings tend to think in metaphors, i.e. we are engaged in constant search of similarities between concepts. This drive for pattern recognition helps us understand the unknown in terms of the familiar, the abstract in terms of the concrete. Most conceptual metaphors are grounded in our physical experience of the world, which means that we draw from this familiar experience while creating metaphorical mappings to the complex, abstract concepts. Controversial as it may seem, the same process applies to understanding professional terms and scientific notions, and as a result the language of law, business, medicine, etc. is heavily metaphorical in nature. In our presentation we focus on medicine alone and analyse a corpus of medical text in search of conceptual metaphors. We claim, that rather than obscuring the message, metaphors actually make it clearer and more precise. They enrich conceptualisation, structure the semantics of the message and serve a number of pragmatic functions, esp. in doctor to patient communication. By choosing a certain metaphor, the message may e.g. be softened in order to lessen the impact it has on the recipient. Moreover, it may be more easily understood if it is built on an adequate conceptual metaphor. Many metaphors used in the medical discourse are based on multimodal representations e.g. descriptions of diseases often invoke the imagery of food including its shape, colour, texture, and smell. Such multimodality of representation (cf. Forceville, 2009 and online) engages a number of cognitive faculties for the construction of a complex conceptualisation and in this way helps us gain better understanding of the concepts described. We claim that conceptual metaphor and esp. pictorial metaphor is a very effective tool used in didactics and its use is perfectly justified in scientific discourses, including the medical discourse. Therefore, in our presentation we analyse pictorial metaphors found in medical discourse and in the field of radiology in particular.

scholarly journals ‘Light’ as a Source Domain for Metaphors in the Holy Quran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Ibrahim Elamin ◽  
Albatool Ahmed Alhazmi
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Identification Procedure ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
The Holy Quran

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) sees metaphor as a means to conceptualize abstracts in everyday discourse employing concrete. This research investigates the use of “Light” (Nur in Arabic) metaphorically as a source domain to several concepts (target domains) in the Quran, for instance, “THE QURAN IS LIGHT”. The study explores the power of metaphor in non-literary discourse relying on Conceptual Metaphor Theory and its hypotheses. Additionally, it will identify the target domains to which light is used as a source domain. Furthermore, it will examine whether ‘Light’ has been used as a target domain or it is a unidirectional relation that made it a source domain only in all the occurrences in the Quran. For the purpose of this study, the researchers used a descriptive-analytical approach in discourse analysis. Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) is used as a tool for checking metaphor. The search in the sacred text resulted in (43) occurrences of the word ‘Nur.’ This research proved that metaphor of light is used ubiquitously and creatively to explain different crucial concepts in the Quran.

scholarly journals THE COMPARISON BETWEEN METAPHORS USED IN POLITICAL NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST AND THE NEW YORK TIMES ONLINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riskia Sitti Velini ◽  
Hermawati Syarif
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
The New York Times ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Political News ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

This study analyzed the differences and the similarities between metaphors found in political news in The Jakarta Post and The New York Times online. Kovecses (2010) theory about conceptual metaphor is used to analyze the data. The concept of metaphor is elaborated into source domain and target domain. The type of this research is qualitative descriptive. After analyzing 40 political news in The Jakarta Post and The New York Times, it was found that there are 61 metaphors in the The New York Times and 16 metaphors in The Jakarta Post. The result of this study shows that politics is the most dominant type of target domain in the metaphors found in both newspapers. However, the most dominant type of source domain is different. In The New York Times, it is found that the most dominant type of source domain is movement and direction. Meanwhile in The Jakarta Post, the most dominant type of source domain is machines and tools. The differences occur because the writers of both NYT and TJP have different cultural background and writing style.

scholarly journals METAPHORS OF LIFE INSURANCE AND HOME APPLIANCE ON YOUTUBE ADVERTISEMENTS VIDEOS

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Lilik Rochmah Agustina ◽  
Masriatus Solichah Solichah
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Home Appliance ◽  
Research Questions

Lilik Rochmah AgustinaMasriatus SholikhahSTKIP PGRI [email protected]@gmail.com   AbstractThe aim of this research is to explore metaphors in life insurance and home appliance on YouTube advertisements videos by employing pragmatics perspective. To accomplish the goal of the research, qualitative descriptive is employed to figure out of both two research questions. Furthermore, to know the kinds of metaphor, researchers work on theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnsen (2003) for fundamental metaphor theory, then, conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Kovecses (2010); and the last is pictorial metaphor theory proposed by Forceville (2002). At last, it can be seen that the type of metaphor are pictorial metaphor for SINAR MAS MSIG life insurance and LG home appliance advertisements. Further, in term of conceptual metaphor researchers found two type of metaphor; structural metaphor and ontological metaphor in Thai life insurance and Philips home appliance advertisements. As the closing, researchers figured out that among the four of life insurance and home appliance advertisements issued in YouTube apply the persuasive strategy to influence the audiences. These advertisements eventually are influential in inviting customers’ attention since the application of metaphors and persuasive strategies.Keywords: Metaphor, Source Domain, Target Domain, YouTube Advertisement Video, Persuasion   AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki metaphor yang terdapat pada video iklan asuansi jiwa dan iklan perabot rumah tangga di laman Youtube melalui pendekatan Pragmatic. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, pendekatan kualitatif diaplikasikan untuk menjawab dua permasalahan penelitian. Lebih lanjut, untuk mengetahui jenis metafor yang digunakan pada objek penelitian, peneliti menggunakan teori dari Lakoff dan Johnsen (2013) tentang Fundamental Metaphor, Conseptual Metaphor dari Kovecses (2010), dan teori Pictorial Metaphor dari Forceville (2002). Akhirnya, dapat diketahui bahwa jenis metaphor yang di temukan dalam empat iklan di laman Youtube adalah pada iklan asuransi jiwa Sinar Mas MISG life dan iklan perabot rumah tangga LG terdapat lebih dominan Pictorial Metaphor. Selain itu, pada iklan asuransi jiwa Thailand dan iklan lampu Philip cenderung menggunakan Conceptual Metaphor dengan temuan 2 sub jenis dominan yakni Structural Metaphor dan Ontoligical Metaphor. Sebagai penghujung temuan, peneliti menemukan fakta bahwa keempat iklan asuransi jiwa dan iklan perabot rumah tangga yang ditayangkan pada laman Youtube menggunakan beberapa jenis strategy persuasive untuk mempengaruhi khalayak. Secara jelas, iklan-iklan tersebut bersift persuasive dalam mengundang perhatian dan minat para konsumen dengan menggunakan unsur-unsur metafora dan strategi persuasif.     Kata kunci: metafora, domain sumber, domain target, video iklan mber, domain target, video iklan Youtube, persuasi.

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