Environmental Regulation and International Trade: Empirical Results for Germany, the Netherlands and the US, 1977-1992

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abay Mulatu ◽  
Raymond J.G.M. Florax ◽  
Cees Withagen
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
The Us ◽  
Export Competitiveness ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We empirically investigate the responsiveness of international trade to the stringency of environmental regulation. Stringent environmental regulation may impair the export competitiveness of ‘dirty’ domestic industries, and as a result, ‘pollution havens’ emerge in countries where environmental regulation is relatively less stringent. We examine the impact of pollution abatement and control costs on net exports in order to grasp this phenomenon. Theoretically, our analysis is related to a general equilibrium model of trade and pollution nesting the pollution haven motive for trade with the factor endowment motive. We analyze data on two-digit ISIC manufacturing industries during the period 1977–1992 in Germany, the Netherlands and the US, and show that trade patterns in ‘dirty’ commodities are jointly determined by relative factor endowments and environmental stringency differentials.

Development, trade, and the environment: how robust is the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
Trade And The Environment ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relative Factor

This paper assesses the strength of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) which posits an inverted-U relationship between per capital income and pollution. Specifically, answers are sought to the following related questions: (1) How robust is the EKC relationship?; (2) To what extent can the EKC relationship be explained by changing trade patterns as opposed to growth-induced pollution abatement? With regard to question (1), the alleged weaknesses with the EKC are assessed and new EKCs are estimated using more appropriate econometric techniques. Turning to question (2), it is argued that the impact of trade liberalization on the environment will differ from country to country depending on whether or not they have a comparative advantage in pollution-intensive production. In turn, it is argued that this depends on a country's relative factor endowments and/or its relative environmental regulations. EKCs are therefore estimated in a manner that allows the impact of trade liberalization on pollution to depend on these country characteristics. The results indicate that the inverted-U relationship between per capita income and emissions is reasonably robust and little evidence is found to suggest that trade patterns are a significant determinant of the inverted-U shape.

scholarly journals The Impact of Function Focused Care From Acute Care to Home Care and Nursing Homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 629-629
Author(s):  
Silke Metzelthin ◽  
Sandra Zwakhalen ◽  
Barbara Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Functional decline in older adults often lead towards acute or long-term care. In practice, caregivers often focus on completion of care tasks and of prevention of injuries from falls. This task based, safety approach inadvertently results in fewer opportunities for older adults to be actively involved in activities. Further deconditioning and functional decline are common consequences of this inactivity. To prevent or postpone these consequences Function Focused Care (FFC) was developed meaning that caregivers adapt their level of assistance to the capabilities of older adults and stimulate them to do as much as possible by themselves. FFC was first implemented in institutionalized long-term care in the US, but has spread rapidly to other settings (e.g. acute care), target groups (e.g. people with dementia) and countries (e.g. the Netherlands). During this symposium, four presenters from the US and the Netherlands talk about the impact of FFC. The first presentation is about the results of a stepped wedge cluster trial showing a tendency to improve activities of daily living and mobility. The second presentation is about a FFC training program. FFC was feasible to implement in home care and professionals experienced positive changes in knowledge, attitude, skills and support. The next presenter reports about significant improvements regarding time spent in physical activity and a decrease in resistiveness to care in a cluster randomized controlled trial among nursing home residents with dementia. The fourth speaker presents the content and first results of a training program to implement FFC in nursing homes. Nursing Care of Older Adults Interest Group Sponsored Symposium

scholarly journals The Analysis of Section 301's of the US Trade Policy in International Trade and The Impact to GATT Rules (What Can be learned as an Indonesian Trader)

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Victor Purba
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Trade Policy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Section 301

"Section 301" memberikan wewenang luas kepada Presiden AS untuk mengambil tindakanpembalasan terhadap praktek-praktek perdagangan negara asing yang dianggap merugikan AS. Keampuhan Section 301 ini antara lain berhasil membuka pasar bagi barang-barang Amerika di luar negeri. Umpamanya Jepang, yang akhirnya bersedia menerima penjualan alat-alat telekomunikasi, jeruk dan daging asal AS. Namun, ancaman Section 301 tidak selalu berhasil membuka pasar luar negeri. Sengketa kemudian diselesaikan dalam pertemuan-pertemuan GATT.

scholarly journals Kinik: Raising the stakes for importing products derived from US patented processes practised abroad

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B Familant
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Trade Commission ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyses the recent ruling in Kinik Co. v. Int'l Trade Comm'n, 362 F.3d 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2004), and the impact that decision may have on proceedings before the US International Trade Commission under the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 USC §1337(a)) – particularly those concerning the importation of products derived from practising US patented processes abroad.

scholarly journals The Impact of Global Protectionism on Port Logistics Demand

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1444
Author(s):  
Jungran Cho ◽  
Emma Kyoungseo Hong ◽  
Jeongho Yoo ◽  
Inkyo Cheong
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Maritime Logistics ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Logistics ◽  
Logistics Demand ◽  
The Impact

Various risks and uncertainties are strengthening the downside of the global economy. This paper aims to estimate the impact of the US–China conflict and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body’s shutdown on global logistics demand and to show the seriousness of the situation. Existing literature studies on protectionism or the US–China trade conflict were considered, with a focus on the effects of specific issues or impact on bilateral relations. No research has quantitatively considered the adverse effects of the Appellate Body’s shutdown. In this situation, questions can be raised whether the current global shipping logistics system can be sustainable or not. This paper attempts to estimate the shrinking demand for shipping logistics due to global protectionism. Using a dynamic general equilibrium model and trade-cargo-container conversion methodology, which differentiates this paper from previous studies, the paper suggests that the combination of tariffs and NTBs can severely reduce international trade and the demand for maritime logistics services. Depending on the scenario, port cargo is expected to decrease by 3.95 to 6.9 trillion tons, which can be half of the global cargo. Based on these estimates, this paper suggests that a catastrophe could occur in global trade order as well as global maritime logistics. Finally, underlining that the international trade order should not be severely damaged, this paper proposes that countries around the world should seriously discuss this issue at the 12th WTO Trade Ministers’ Meeting in Kazakhstan in June 2020.

scholarly journals How Do Different Types of Environmental Regulations Affect Green Innovation Efficiency?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Chuandang Zhao ◽  
Xiaoying Tang ◽  
Jiawei Cheng ◽  
Guanyang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Environmental regulation policies are being continuously enriched today. To effectively improve green innovation efficiency through environmental regulations, it is urgent to better understand the impact of different environmental regulations on green innovation efficiency (GIE). However, due to the defects of previous methods for measuring GIE, existing studies may have deviations when analysing the effect of environmental regulations on GIE. To fill this gap, using Shaanxi, China, as a case study, the present study proposes a network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model based on neutral cross-efficiency evaluation to accurately measure the GIE of Shaanxi during the period of 2001–2017. On this basis, this study further analysed the impact of different types of environmental regulations on GIE from three aspects: causality, evolutionary relationships, and effect paths. The results indicate that (1) the GIE of Shaanxi Province showed a “fluctuation-slow growth-steady growth” trend during 2001–2017, and after 2014, the problem of an uncoordinated relationship between technology research and design (R&D) and technology transformation began to appear; (2) there was a linear evolutionary relationship between command-and-control environmental regulation and GIE and a “U”-shaped evolutionary relationship between market-based/voluntary environmental regulation and GIE; and (3) command-and-control environmental regulation and voluntary environmental regulation affected GIE mainly at the technology R&D stage, while market-based environmental regulation ran through the entire process of green innovation activities. This study improves the evaluation methods and theoretical systems of GIE and provides the scientific basis for government decision-makers to formulate environmental regulation policies.

scholarly journals A spatial econometric empirical research on the impact of industrial agglomeration on haze pollution in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1305-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhao ◽  
Xiaoxi Cao ◽  
Tao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Industrial Agglomeration ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Spatial Lag Model ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
The Government ◽  
Obvious Manner ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Based on statistical data on 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2000 to 2016, this paper conducts an empirical study of the impact of industrial agglomeration on haze pollution using the spatial Dubin model (SDM), spatial lag model (SLM), and spatial error model (SEM). The findings are as follows: (1) Industrial agglomeration can effectively reduce the degree of haze pollution. (2) Haze pollution has an inverted U-shaped relationship with economic development and population agglomeration. (3) The secondary industry has a positive correlation with haze pollution, while the tertiary industry can reduce haze pollution but not in an obvious manner. (4) The level of innovation and urbanization can help to reduce haze pollution, and the level of economic opening up and carbon dioxide emissions can exacerbate haze pollution. (5) Due to the insufficient commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, investment in science and technology is not obviously effective in preventing and controlling haze pollution. The relationship between environmental regulation and haze pollution is still unclear due to regional differences and the varied effectiveness of law enforcement. The study suggests that the government should guide industrial agglomeration in a reasonable manner, improve joint prevention and control across regions, and strengthen environmental regulation to prevent and control haze pollution.

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