Evaluation of Alginate-Starch Polymers for Preparation of Enzyme Microcapsules

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasipathy Kailasapathy ◽  
Chaminda Perera ◽  
Michael Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Filler Material ◽  
Enzyme Release ◽  
Alginate Solution

Flavourzyme® (a protease-peptidase complex) was microencapsulated with sodium alginate and Hi-MaizeTM starch in varying concentrations and proportions for maximising encapsulation efficiency (EE). Seventy two percent EE was achieved for immobilising Flavourzyme® using 1.8% (w/v) sodium alginate and 1% Hi-Maize[TM] starch with 30 min hardening of capsules in 0.1M calcium chloride solution. Hi-MaizeTM starch as a filler material improved EE and reduced the enzyme release during capsular hardening in calcium chloride solution. Increasing the concentration of sodium alginate solution (1.2 to 1.8 %, w/v) and calcium chloride concentration (0.05M to 1.0M) increased the EE. The optimum hardening time for the microcapsules in calcium chloride solution was 30 min. Shrinkage of microcapsules during hardening in calcium chloride was less with higher concentration of alginate. More spherical capsules were produced with up to 1.8% (w/v) sodium alginate and 1% Hi-MaizeTM starch solutions.

Fabrication of 3D Cell Supporting Structures With Multi-Materials Using the Bio-Printer

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Nishiyama ◽  
Makoto Nakamura ◽  
Chizuka Henmi ◽  
Kumiko Yamaguchi ◽  
Shuichi Mochizuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Present System ◽  
Alginate Solution ◽  
Alginate Gel ◽  
Supporting Structures

We produced three-dimensional (3-D) cell supporting structures for use in engineering regenerative living tissue. The structures were formed by alginate gel, a type of hydro-gel, and our originally developed printer, termed a 3-D bio-printer. A droplet ejected from an inkjet printer nozzle has the same size as several cells. Thus, we considered that such a printer nozzle would be able to eject cultured living cells, along with growth factor, protein, and other materials. If a 3-D gel structure could be formed with such cells, and the materials and cells self-assembled, a variety of living tissues could be obtained. In this report, our 3-D bio-printer and the method of fabrication of multiple material gel structures is presented. Our 3-D bio-printer has a printing mechanism that operates in 3 directions with a positioning resolution of 0.5 micrometers, which is adequate for precise positioning of the ejected cells. Further, a piezoelectric inkjet nozzle head that does not became heated during operation is used and cells can be ejected without heating. The head has 4 nozzles and is able to eject 4 different kinds of materials simultaneously. We used a sodium alginate solution and ejected it from the inkjet nozzle into a calcium chloride solution as a substrate, thus alginate gel beads were obtained. Several types of gel structures could be constructed by distributing the beads precisely and the resolution of the gel structures was as small as the size of an individual bead, about 10–60 μm in diameter. By continuous operation of the inkjet nozzle, gel lines were able to be formed. The substrate was a 10% calcium chloride solution on a slide glass and the ejected-droplets contained a 0.8% sodium alginate solution. In addition, gel sheets were formed by parallel gel lines. In that case, a 10% calcium chloride solution was also used as the substrate. It is possible that such 3-D gel sheet structures could be constructed by lamination in a high viscosity substrate. We also formed gel rings, which were stacked and allowed to sink into the substrate, thus obtaining gel tubes. By utilizing gel tubes with inner and outer walls formed using different types of gels with vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, blood vessel structures could be fabricated with the present system.

Development of a Three-Dimensional Bioprinter: Construction of Cell Supporting Structures Using Hydrogel and State-Of-The-Art Inkjet Technology

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Nishiyama ◽  
Makoto Nakamura ◽  
Chizuka Henmi ◽  
Kumiko Yamaguchi ◽  
Shuichi Mochizuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Alginate Solution ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Laminated Structures

We have developed a new technology for producing three-dimensional (3D) biological structures composed of living cells and hydrogel in vitro, via the direct and accurate printing of cells with an inkjet printing system. Various hydrogel structures were constructed with our custom-made inkjet printer, which we termed 3D bioprinter. In the present study, we used an alginate hydrogel that was obtained through the reaction of a sodium alginate solution with a calcium chloride solution. For the construction of the gel structure, sodium alginate solution was ejected from the inkjet nozzle (SEA-Jet™, Seiko Epson Corp., Suwa, Japan) and was mixed with a substrate composed of a calcium chloride solution. In our 3D bioprinter, the nozzle head can be moved in three dimensions. Owing to the development of the 3D bioprinter, an innovative fabrication method that enables the gentle and precise fixation of 3D gel structures was established using living cells as a material. To date, several 3D structures that include living cells have been fabricated, including lines, planes, laminated structures, and tubes, and now, experiments to construct various hydrogel structures are being carried out in our laboratory.

scholarly journals Optimization of Immobilization Condition of Protease Extracted from Silver Catfish (Pangasius Sutchi) Viscera in Calcium Alginate by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Normah Ismail ◽  
Siti Noorsyarafana Sahimi
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Alginate ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Silver Catfish ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Proteolytic Activities

The term of immobilized enzymes refers to enzymes that physically entrapped within pores of synthetic or natural polymeric network with no alteration in the enzyme catalytic activities. In this study, protease from silver catfish viscera have been extracted, partially purified by acetone precipitation method and immobilised in the calcium alginate beads. Various range of sodium alginate (1–5% w/v) and calcium chloride (0.1–0.5 M) concentrations were used for the optimization purpose. Proteolytic activity of the protease in the alginate beads was measured as a response to the independent variables by using casein as a substrate. The highest actual and predicted proteolytic activities were at run 12 with 674.77 CDU/mg and 639.26 CDU/mg, respectively, under predetermined factors, in which the sodium alginate and calcium chloride solution concentrations were at 3.00% (w/v) and 0.30 M, respectively. The lowest actual and predicted proteolytic activities were at run 2 with the values of 77.35 CDU/mg and 71.53 CDU/mg, respectively, whereby factors include were a sodium alginate of 4.00% (w/v) and 0.20 M of calcium chloride solution. For the experimental feasibilities, the optimum conditions that was feasible to be carried out was with a sodium alginate of 2.99% (w/v) and 0.30 M calcium chloride solution. Verification for the optimum condition was performed and there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the predicted (638.19 CDU/mg) and verified (699.82 CDU/mg) values. Thus, indicating that the model was significant and can be used to produce the immobilize protease under the optimum condition.

Optimization of Immobilization Conditions for Protease Extracted from Torpedo Scad (Megalaspis cordyla) Viscera Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ali Jawad ◽  
Normah Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Immobilized Protease

Protease was extracted from the viscera of torpedo scad fish (Megalspis cordyla) to obtain the crude extract which was then partially purified in 70% ammonium sulphate. The collected precipitate was dialysed and subsequently immobilized in sodium alginate and calcium chloride solution. The optimum concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride to produce the highest yield of immobilized protease was determined by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). From the results, the optimum conditions obtained were 2.5% of sodium alginate and 0.25 M of calcium chloride achieving a yield of 55.52%. Thus, the utilization of 2.5% sodium alginate and 0.25 M calcium chloride as the immobilization media were able to produce yield of immobilized protease from torpedo scad viscera with the highest proteolytic activity.

Treatment of sepsis with calcium salts. Professor Petrov (V. Chir. and Pogr. Obl., Vol. I, No. 2), Chistyakov (Nov. Chir. Arch., Vol. II, No. 1)

1923 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-100
Author(s):  
V. Bogolyubov
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Surgical Methods

The author warmly recommends treatment of sepsis with intravenous infusions of 1% calcium chloride solution (the method first proposed by Prof. Aleksinski). Although this method does not seem sufficiently theoretically justified, nevertheless P., on the basis of his observations, advises to resort to intravenous infusions of 1% solution of crystalline calcium chloride at 250-400 cfu for acute and subacute forms of sepsis where the well-known surgical methods of dissection and removal of infected nidi have been carried to completion and have not put the patient on the path to recovery.

Studying on Preperation and Emulsifying Properties of Silk Protein Calcium Salt Made from Waste Silk

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Sheng Li ◽  
Hai Tao Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Silk Protein ◽  
Emulsifying Properties ◽  
Emulsification Capacity ◽  
New Protein

One key step for silk protein further uses is to let them be dissolved in aqueous solution. However, the silk protein is usually not soluble in aqueous solution. Silk protein dissolved in calcium chloride solution is one of the few effective ways. Silk fibroin was well dissolved in 15-20min. in boiling calcium chloride solution [50% (w/v)] with the ratio of 15g dry waste silk per100mL calcium chloride solution. After dialysis, silk protein calcium salt unexpectedly showed excellent emulsification capacity and stability. Only 0.8-1.2% of silk protein calcium salt solution (50mL) could let 50mL soybean salad oil be mixed and emulsified well. Silk protein calcium salt may be used as a new protein-based surfactant.

Longitudinal distribution of applied calcium, and of naturally occurring calcium, magnesium, and potassium, in Merton apple fruits

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Lewis ◽  
D Martin
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Apple Fruits

When 45Ca-labelled calcium chloride solution was applied to the skin of young developing Merton apple fruits, activity in the cortex at maturity was highest in the calyx end region where bitter pit lesions most commonly develop. Fruit age at time of application affected the amount of labelled calcium absorbed but not its longitudinal distribution. Following branch injection of labelled calcium chloride solution 8 weeks before harvest, activity in mature fruits was found mostly in the stem end. Leaves and buds accounted for 95% of the recovered activity, and the fruits for 5%, of which about one-quarter was in the calyx half. The same distribution pattern was found following injection of labelled calcium chloride solution into the fruit stem. The concentration of naturally occurring calcium in the cortex of the mature fruit declined steadily from stem end to calyx end. On the other hand, the magnesium concentration was lowest near the stem end and highest at the calyx end. The potassium concentration remained fairly constant along most of the length of the fruit, with a small increase at each end. The findings are discussed with regard to the longitudinal gradient in bitter pit susceptibility within apple fruits, and to the relative effectiveness of tree sprays of calcium, as compared with soil applications, in the control of the disorder. Results suggest that calcium does not have a trace element role in the control of bitter pit.

Effect of immersion time of restorative glass ionomer cements and immersion duration in calcium chloride solution on surface hardness

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. e377-e383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maho Shiozawa ◽  
Hidekazu Takahashi ◽  
Naohiko Iwasaki ◽  
Takahiro Wada ◽  
Motohiro Uo
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Glass Ionomer Cements ◽  
Glass Ionomer

Treatment of acute gonorrheal adnexitis

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-593
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The author recommends for this purpose intravenous injections of afenil (10% calcium chloride solution by Knoll) in a dose of 10 cc. Performing these injections once a day, it is possible, in acute and subacute gonorrhoids salpingo-oophoritis, in 8 - 12 days to obtain such results, such with conventional anti-inflammatory treatment are obtained only in 3-4 weeks, and doing injections on 2 times a day, it is possible already in 2-3 days to stop "acute adnexitis.

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