scholarly journals UJI TOKSISITAS SODIUM SIANIDA (NaCN) PADA BEBERAPA SPESIES IKAN AIR TAWAR: REVIEW (The Toxicity Test of Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) to Some Species of Freshwater Fish: A Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Siti Muyassaroh ◽  
Indah Rahmatiah Siti Salami

AbstrakSianida telah digunakan sebagai senyawa toksik selama beberapa dekade untuk penangkapan ikan. Pengetahuan para nelayan yang rendah dapat menyebabkan kelebihan dosis penggunaan senyawa sianida. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan kematian ikan dan bahkan kerusakan terumbu karang. Sodium sianida tidak bersifat bioakumulasi dan biomagnifikasi berdasarkan nilai Kow-nya dan sebagian besar metabolit dikeluarkan melalui urin dalam bentuk thiosianat, SCN- (60-80%), 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) atau 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, ITCA (15%), serta gas HCN dan CO2. Biomarker organisme yang terpapar sianida yaitu kandungan CN-, SCN-,ATCA atau ITCA pada urin dan darah; perubahan histopatologis di limpa, hepato-renal dan ginjal; penurunan aktivitas enzim katalase pada jaringan hati, insang, otak, dan otot ikan; perubahan aktivitas laktat dehydrogenase (LDH) dan suksinat dehydrogenase (SDH), tingkah laku, laju respirasi, dan metabolit (asam piruvat dan asam laktat). Akan tetapi, aktivitas enzim dan struktur histopatologis kembali normal setelah pemulihan selama 14 hari di medium bebas NaCN. Paparan NaCN juga dapat menyebabkan perubahan kecepatan renang dan durasi surfacing behavior. Konsentrasi sianida di lingkungan tidak bisa diabaikan, sebab dimungkinkan adanya efek sinergis dan juga penghambatan sistem enzim katalase, yang pada akhirnya terjadi kerentanan organisme akuatik terhadap toksisitas sianida. Labeo rohita merupakan spesies ikan air tawar yang paling sensitif terhadap paparan NaCN, dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 0,32 mg/L (tanpa melihat jenis aliran yang digunakan).AbstractCyanide has been used as a toxic compound for decades for fishing. Lack of knowledge of fishermen can lead to overdosing use of a compound. This can lead to fish kills and even damage the coral reefs. Sodium cyanide is not bioaccumulative and biomagnificative based on the value of Kow and most metabolites are excreted in the urine in the form of SCN- (60-80%), 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, ATCA or 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, ITCA (15%), as well as HCN gas and CO2. Biomarkers organisms are exposed cyanide content of CN-, SCN-, ATCA or ITCA on urine and blood; histopathological changes in spleen, hepato-renal and kidney; decreased activity of catalase enzyme in the liver, gills, brain, and muscles of fish; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity changes, behavioral, respiratory rate, and metabolites (pyruvic acid and lactic acid). However, the enzyme activity and histopathological structure back to normal after recovery for 14 days at NaCN-free medium. NaCN exposure can also cause changes in swimming speed and duration of surfacing behavior. The concentration of cyanide in the environment can not be ignored, because it is possible the existence of a synergistic effect and also the inhibition of catalase enzyme system, which eventually happened vulnerability of aquatic organisms to cyanide toxicity. Labeo rohita is a freshwater fish species are most sensitive to exposure to NaCN, with LC50 values of 0.32 mg / L (regardless of the type of flow used).

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.N. Dube ◽  
B.B. Hosetti

Sodium cyanide, is highly contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a toxic pollutant, was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity on freshwater fish Labeo rohita. The toxicity tests were conducted by static renewal bioassay method on the juveniles of fish was evaluated. The LC50 value of sodium cyanide to Labeo rohita was found out to be 320 ?g l-1. One third (106 ?g l-1) and one fifth (64 ?g l-1) of the LC50 value was selected for sublethal studies. Behavioural patterns and oxygen consumption were observed in both (1/3rd and 1/5th) sublethal concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 15 days). Sodium cyanide is highly toxic to the animal tested. Fish behaved irregular, erratic, and dartic movements, by followed hyperexcitability, loss of balance, finally settles to the bottom of the test chamber. A decrease in oxygen consumption was observed in 1/3rd (11.62% and -4.52%) and 1/5th (9.11% and -2.82%) sublethal concentrations. Fish under sublethal concentration were found to be under stress but not fatal.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
Anusiya Devi K ◽  
Lekeshmanaswamy M

Malathion is an insecticide which is commonly used for the agricultural and non-agricultural purposes in India. Malathion is found effective for controlling mosquitoes, flies, household insects, animal parasites (ectoparasites) and head & body lice. The effect of insecticide Malathion is found to be highly toxiceven to the non-targeted aquatic organisms including fish. The aim of the study, was to determine the effect of insecticide malathion on some biochemical characteristics (protein, carbohydrate and cholesterol in gill, liver, muscle and kidney) of the fish, Labeo rohita. Toxicity evaluation tests were conducted to determine LC50 values. The 1/10th of 96 hrs, LC50 value was selected as sublethal concentrations (0.5 ppm). All biochemical's parameters were found to be decreased in all tissues on comparison with control. The results indicated the toxic nature of the insecticide malathion.


2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-286
Author(s):  
A. S. Deshpande ◽  
S. B. Zade ◽  
S. R. Sitre

The hazardous effect of water pollution on the histopathology of selected organs of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita was studied with respect to thermal power plant effluent. The purpose of this research paper is to study whether the thermal plume can affect fish assemblages in the waters around the outlet area of the thermal power plant located at Koradi near Nagpur city. Both experimental and control fishes were monitored for a year from March 2010 to Feb. 2011. Histopathology serve as a tool to assess the extent of damage caused to the organism.Gill tissue showed fusion of primary lamellae, congestion of blood vessels and hyperplasia of bronchial plates. The histopathological changes in the gill tissue include epithelial hyperplasia, curling of secondary lamellae and changes in chloride cells. Besides these changes pyknotic nuclei, vacuolization, degradation of epithelial and pillar cells, were noticed, which point out towards deleterious effect of thermal power plant effluent on the freshwater fish L. rohita.


2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukti Chanda ◽  
Monjit Paul ◽  
Gadadhar Dash ◽  
Prathistha Yonzone

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