The Role Which Religion Played during the King Philip’s War

King Philip’s war (1675-1676) was arguably one of the most brutal and bloody conflicts in the Atlantic world. As a war fought among the English colonial forces and the Natives, King Philip’s war was an important turning point, as it secured the colony’s position over the Natives. Most of the Indian resistance were killed or enslaved during the war. The rest of the Indian population after the war experienced an extreme demographic decline through frequent dislocation and death (Note 1). However, the war ended with the death of Metacom, the sachem of the Wampanoag tribe. The war was victorious for the English, as it undermined Native military strength and political sovereignty and reduced future resistance to expansion, giving the English control over some of the colonies and Native reservations (Note 2).Many historians narrate the war by focusing on the causes and effects of this brutal conflict. However, this paper looks at the different roles that religion played in the war, considering the motives and effects of the evangelization, and the effects of the war on Christian Indians. This paper also examines how the Puritan evangelists and religion contributed and perpetuated the war through using evangelization to create cultural divisions within the tribal communities and creating strong racial distinctions among the English colonists and the Indians. Throughout the war, religion perpetuated and prolonged the war by creating religious and cultural divisions among the tribes; by giving strong justification for anti-Indian bias; and by giving both sides confidence that they had God’s blessing.

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Algonquian Diasporas

Memory Lands ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300201178.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Christine M. DeLucia

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

New England ◽

Atlantic World ◽

Indigenous Populations ◽

Community Members ◽

King Philip's War ◽

Native Communities ◽

History Of ◽

Native American Tribes

This chapter examines how King Philip’s War gave rise to a significant but often ignored or misperceived history of bondage, enslavement, and diaspora that took Native Americans far from their northeast homelands, and subjected them to a range of brutal conditions across an Atlantic World. It focuses on Algonquians’ transits into captivity as a consequence of the war, and historicizes this process within longer trajectories of European subjugation of Indigenous populations for labor. The chapter examines how Algonquian individuals and families were forcibly placed into New England colonial as well as Native communities at the war’s conclusion, and how others were transported out of the region for sale across the Atlantic World. The case of King Philip’s wife and son is especially complex, and the chapter considers how traditions around their purported sale into slavery in Bermuda interact with challenging racial politics and archival traces. Modern-day “reconnection” events have linked St. David’s Island community members in Bermuda to Native American tribes in New England. The chapter also reflects on wider dimensions of this Algonquian diaspora, which likely brought Natives to the Caribbean, Azores, and Tangier in North Africa, and propelled Native migrants/refugees into Wabanaki homelands.

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Protesting the “Perfect City”

Memory Lands ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300201178.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Christine M. DeLucia

Keyword(s):

Sewage Treatment ◽

Sewage Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

King Philip's War ◽

Urban Indians ◽

Tribal Communities ◽

Dugout Canoes ◽

Social Opportunities ◽

Indigenous Perspectives ◽

The City

This chapter follows Native and Euro-American communities in eastern Massachusetts through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, examining a series of commemorations and counterprotests that unfolded in urbanizing areas and related sites. It analyzes how Bostonians’ conceptions of the city and modernity tended to exclude Native peoples from both, instead relegating them to the past—despite the presence of numerous “Urban Indians” in the growing metropolis, who were seeking employment and social opportunities. It considers a series of pageants and historical markers erected across the Commonwealth, as well as Native pushback against dominant Euro-American narratives about history, such as a 1970 gathering in Patuxet/Plymouth, Massachusetts that foregrounded Indigenous perspectives and inaugurated an annual National Day of Mourning. The chapter also details how tribal communities challenged plans to build a sewage treatment plant on Deer Island, on grounds considered intensely sensitive for their ties to the incarcerations of King Philip’s War. Finally, it illuminates a recent series of memorial journeys along the Charles River and Boston Harbor Islands in which mishoonash (Native dugout canoes) have played important roles in reconnecting Native descendants to the landscapes of ancestors, as well as providing avenues for Indigenous solidarities into the future.

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The Gathering Place

Memory Lands ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300201178.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Christine M. DeLucia

Keyword(s):

River Valley ◽

Connecticut River ◽

King Philip's War ◽

Native Communities ◽

Tribal Communities ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Gathering Place

This chapter focuses on the “Great River” (Kwinitekw or Connecticut River) that runs the length of the Northeast, and the multi-layered histories involved at its midpoint. At Peskeomskut, Algonquians from multiple tribal communities had gathered for thousands of years for fishing, planting, and socializing. This important waterfall came under attack in May 1676 in the latter stages of King Philip’s War, as colonial troops endeavoured to subdue and displace Algonquians who had not surrendered by that point in the conflict. These tensions arose from several decades of colonization in the river valley, which entangled Natives and colonizers in fur-trading relationships that sometimes spiralled into coercion and violence. Following the massacre of 1676 (led by William Turner), many Algonquian survivors regrouped with Native communities in other parts of the Northeast or followed a widespread diaspora in pursuit of safety. The chapter turns to how colonists at places like Deerfield, Massachusetts engaged in remembrance of the violences at the falls and nearby “Bloody Brook,” through ephemeral as well as more tangible processes. It accounts for the emergence of heritage organizations like the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, which pursued an extensive place-marking campaign in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Spanish Diplomacy in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.397 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Timothy Hawkins

Keyword(s):

Atlantic World ◽

18Th Century ◽

Economic Reforms ◽

17Th Century ◽

American Empire ◽

Military Strength

Spain entered the Age of Atlantic Revolutions (1775–1825) motivated by a desire to re-establish its traditional status as a major European power, a position that its Habsburg monarchs gradually had relinquished over the course of the 17th century and that was lost in dramatic fashion during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713). Over the first six decades of the 18th century, the newly installed Bourbon dynasty launched a series of administrative, military, clerical, and economic reforms designed to spark and then protect an imperial revival. As a regular participant in the colonial wars of the period, the Spanish crown relied heavily on military strength to signify its renewed standing vis-à-vis its international adversaries. Any gains won by force of arms also needed to be confirmed by treaty and reinforced by positive peacetime relationships with these same rivals. As a result, an assertive diplomacy played an important role in promoting Spanish interests during a tumultuous era that began with great hopes for the restoration of Spain’s historic preeminence in the Atlantic World but ended with the collapse of its American empire.

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A Three-Site Study of Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents from Indigenous Tribes in India

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1177/0253717620969737 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (6_suppl) ◽

pp. S51-S56

Author(s):

Ryntihlin Jennifer War ◽

Vaibhav V Gharat ◽

Susmita Chandramouleeshwaran ◽

Sunil Nayak ◽

Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Indian Population ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Substance Addiction ◽

Tribal Communities ◽

Native Populations

Background: Alcohol use disorder is elevated among members of indigenous tribes in India, like native populations in several other countries. Despite constituting 8.6% of the Indian population, tribals are among the most geographically isolated, socioeconomically underdeveloped, and underserved communities in the country. Based on the experience from our centers (in Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya, and Gujarat), we are aware of escalating alcohol use among tribal communities. The aims of this study are (a) to estimate alcohol use and psychiatric morbidity among teenagers from indigenous tribes, and (b) pilot test a psychoeducational efficacy study. Methods: The biphasic study is being conducted in three states of India: Tamil Nadu in South, Meghalaya in Northeast, and Gujarat in West. Phase 1 is a cross-sectional study of tribal adolescents at each site. The MINI 6.0/MINI Kid 6.0 questionnaire was used to estimate extent of psychiatric morbidity and substance addiction. Phase 2 is an intervention trial of 40 participants at each site to assess the effectiveness of NIMHANS LSE module in protecting the tribal adolescents from alcohol use. Conclusions: The desired primary outcome will be forestalling the onset of alcohol use among this group. This paper focuses on the methodology and strategies to be used to achieve the objectives.

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Introduction

Memory Lands ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300201178.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Christine M. DeLucia

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

North America ◽

Material Culture ◽

Atlantic World ◽

King Philip's War ◽

Reciprocal Relationships ◽

General Overview ◽

Decolonizing Methodologies ◽

Descendant Communities

The introduction establishes the significance of King Philip’s War, called the “great watershed” for the powerful ways in which it reshaped Native and colonial communities, lives, and memories in the Northeast. It provides a general overview of historiographical debates on the topic, including the importance of localizing scholarly studies of North America and the Atlantic World; incorporating material culture and ethnography sources as well as documentary/archival evidence; and pursuing “decolonizing methodologies” in which researchers create more reciprocal relationships with tribal descendant communities. The introduction also stresses the necessity of locally grounded “fieldwork,” and highlights some considerations in choosing to focus on historical violence. It emphasizes that the violences of the seventeenth century continue to reverberate among descendant communities—Native as well as Euro-American—and that these legacies merit serious attention.

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