scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF RHIZOMES OF NUPHAR LUTEUM

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
Hayat M Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Mean

Objective: This study provides the detailed summary of pharmacognostical characters of rhizomes to give clear standards for the identification ofdrug.Methods: Important details such as macroscopy, microscopy (transverse section [TS] and powder microscopy) along with physico-chemicalparameters (such as loss on drying, ash values, and extractive values), and quantitative studies (i.e foreign matter, length and width of xylem vesselsand calcium oxalate crystals, and diameter of starch grains) were performed by standard procedure.Results: The findings of macroscopic studies revealed that the rhizomes were internally creamish to light brown and dark brown externally withlongitudinal wrinkles. TS and powder microscopy of rhizomes showed the presence of fragments of cork, cellulosic parenchyma; scalariform typexylem vessels, fragments of ligneous parenchyma, lignified astrosclereids, and small ovoid, and rounded starch grains. The mean length and meanwidth of xylem vessels and calcium oxalate crystals were found to be 406 μm (micrometer) and 60.2 μm and 63.36 μm and 48.96 μm. Whereas meandiameter of starch grains was 34.56 μ. Physicochemical standards quantified were foreign organic matter (0.2%), total ash (12.3%), acid insolubleash (6.3%), water soluble ash (3%), loss on drying (12.5%), alcohol-soluble extractive value (32.6%), and water soluble extractive value (27.6%).Conclusion: As various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in authentication, identification and establishmentsof quality parameters of the plant. This study was conducted for this purpose.

An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
M. A. Webb ◽  
L. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystal Cells ◽  
Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

scholarly journals Types and Location of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Dieffen-bachia Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 835C-835
Author(s):  
Hui Cao ◽  
Hui Cao ◽  
Dennis B. McConnell ◽  
Jianjun Chen*
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Crystal Density ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Location Type ◽  
Do So

The irritant effect of Dieffenbachia sap is attributed to protelytic enxymes but calcium oxalate crystals are considered to puncture cells and allow enzyme entrance. To date, no detailed study of the location, type, or frequency of calcium oxalate crystals in Dieffenbachia species or cultivars has been undertaken. To do so, three uniform tissue culture plantlets of Dieffenbachia `Carina',`Rebecca' or `Star Bright' were transpanted into 15 cm pots, grown in a shaded greenhouse under 385 μmol·m-2·s-1 and fertigated with 20 N-8.7 P-16.6 K water-soluble fertilizer at N concentrations of 200 mg·L-1 twice weekly. Ten weeks later, samples of stem, root, and leaves were taken from 4 pots of each cultivar to determine the distribution and type of calcuium oxalate crystals in each plant organ via polarized light microscopy. Two types of calcium oxlate crystals, raphides and druses, were found in the stem, leaves and roots. Druse density increased as leaves andd stems matured while the number of raphide idioblasts remained relatively constant. Crystal density was highest at lateral initation sites of buds and roots. Significant differences were found in crystal density among cultivars even though `Carina' and `Star Bright' are sports selected from `Camille'. This suggests that reduction of calcium oxalate density of Dieffenbachia cultivars is possible through breeding.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation and characterization of effluents of fertilizer factory

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
K Fatima ◽  
MK Hossain ◽  
MA Islam
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate

The study was carried out to assess the water quality of the Jamuna river affected by effluents discharged from the nearby Jamuna Fertilizer Company Limited and its temporal change over wet and dry seasons due to change of the physico-chemical parameters. Effluents of the factories and water samples were collected from four different selected stations during the period of June to August 2014 and January to March 2015.The results further revealed that the water samples showed a remarkable variation in physico-chemical parameters during the wet and dry season. In wet season the mean value of temperature, pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and chloride were28.63± 3.79 °C, 8.10± 0.85, 664.41± 599.54µscm-1, 370.91± 111.38 ppm, 74.49± 25.90 ppm, 6.11 ± 1.28 ppm, 75.39 ± 140.86 ppm 296.74± 303.03 ppm, 12.31±21.38 ppm,  15.19±24.49 ppm and 15.23±8.72 ppm, respectively In the dry season the mean value of temperature, pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and chloride were31.69 ±3.18°C, 8.44± 0.66, 786.25±551.18µscm1, 338.37± 94.70 ppm, 72.08± 58.83 ppm, 5.45 ± 0.95 ppm, 86.93 ± 159.82 ppm, 347.91± 291.60 ppm, 13.68±23.1 ppm, 18.34± 24.92 ppm and 18.3±9.32 ppm, respectively. The comparative study showed that most of the effluent and water quality parameters were higher in dry season than those of the wet season because in dry season less quantity of water remains in the river and in wet season more water remains in river that has great dilution capacity. For existence and conservation of aquatic resources, it is essential to investigate the water quality and surrounding environment of the river.Progressive Agriculture 26 (2): 136-146, 2015

scholarly journals Anatomical studies on the leaf and stem of Tinospora formanii Udayan & Pradeep (Menispermaceae), an endemic species to Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
Patturaj Raj ◽  
S. Noorunnisa Begum ◽  
K. Ravikumar ◽  
P. Sheema Dharmapal ◽  
P. S. Udayan
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Scalar Form ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Southern Western Ghats

The anatomical studies on leaf and stem of T. formanii Udayan & Pradeep an endemic species to southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India was carried out focusing on its macroscopic, microscopic, maceration along with organoleptic evaluation. Distinguishing characters of the stem revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, simple and compound starch grains and pitted lignified fibers. Leaf anatomy showed the anomocytic and paracytic stomata, pitted lignified fibers, spiral vessels, non-glandular small trichomes, C or half-moon shaped vascular bundle, surrounded with sclerenchymatous tissues and rosette and prism shaped calcium oxalate crystals. Whereas, maceration studies revealed the presence of spiral and scalar form vessel, fibers, calcium oxalate crystals, simple starch grains. These anatomical studies are vital in the present-day trade scenario not only helpful in the proper identification of the genuine materials in use but also to distinguish different species of Tinospora, where the stem and leaf are often admixed with other species of Tinospora in the crude drug markets.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document