Types and Location of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Dieffen-bachia Cultivars

The irritant effect of Dieffenbachia sap is attributed to protelytic enxymes but calcium oxalate crystals are considered to puncture cells and allow enzyme entrance. To date, no detailed study of the location, type, or frequency of calcium oxalate crystals in Dieffenbachia species or cultivars has been undertaken. To do so, three uniform tissue culture plantlets of Dieffenbachia `Carina',`Rebecca' or `Star Bright' were transpanted into 15 cm pots, grown in a shaded greenhouse under 385 μmol·m-2·s-1 and fertigated with 20 N-8.7 P-16.6 K water-soluble fertilizer at N concentrations of 200 mg·L-1 twice weekly. Ten weeks later, samples of stem, root, and leaves were taken from 4 pots of each cultivar to determine the distribution and type of calcuium oxalate crystals in each plant organ via polarized light microscopy. Two types of calcium oxlate crystals, raphides and druses, were found in the stem, leaves and roots. Druse density increased as leaves andd stems matured while the number of raphide idioblasts remained relatively constant. Crystal density was highest at lateral initation sites of buds and roots. Significant differences were found in crystal density among cultivars even though `Carina' and `Star Bright' are sports selected from `Camille'. This suggests that reduction of calcium oxalate density of Dieffenbachia cultivars is possible through breeding.

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An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141299 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 984-985

Author(s):

H. J. Arnott ◽

M. A. Webb ◽

L. E. Lopez

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽

Oxalate Crystals ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Sem Study ◽

The Matrix ◽

Crystal Cells ◽

Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

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Calcium mobilization into developing seedlings of umbelliferous plants

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b82-178 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 1404-1408 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John N. A. Lott ◽

Ernest Spitzer ◽

Catherine M. Vollmer

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Calcium Mobilization ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

Anethum Graveolens ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Oxalate Crystals

Calcium mobilization into developing seedlings of several umbelliferous plants including carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 408), wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Tall Utah), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow Crown), parsley (Petroselinum sativum L. cv. Moss Curled), and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. cv. Curled) was investigated with emphasis on carrot and celery. Calcium determinations using atomic absorption spectrometry of carrot and celery embryos obtained from dry mericarps and carrot and celery seedlings collected when the pericarp plus testa plus endosperm remains fell off the seedlings, revealed that some calcium uptake occurred in carrot and possibly celery. It is possible that some of the calcium obtained by the seedlings came from the calcium oxalate crystals but the calcium could also have originated from other calcium sources within the endosperm. Polarized light studies of endosperm remains from carrot, celery, and the other members of the family Umbelliferae investigated, revealed that large numbers of calcium oxalate crystals were present in the endosperm remains after separation from the seedlings. The results of these studies indicate that calcium oxalate crystals are not used extensively as a calcium source during germination and early seedling growth.

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Biomineralization of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Leaves of (L.) Schott (Araceae) in Colocasia esculenta Response to Herbivory and Water Regime

Annals of Tropical Research ◽

10.32945/atr3914.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 54-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kenneth Eco ◽

Beatriz Belonias

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Interaction Effect ◽

Water Regime ◽

Colocasia Esculenta ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Biomineralization Process ◽

Oxalate Crystals ◽

Crystal Density ◽

Crystal Type

Calcium oxalate crystals are common constituents of plant tissues and are believed to play a role in protection against herbivory, calcium regulation and even heavy metal sequestration. In this study, calcium oxalate crystals in leaves of Colocasia esculenta were studied in order to elucidate the biomineralization process of these inorganic components in response to herbivory and different water regimes. Different crystal types occurring in the leaves of C. esculenta were identified, described and quantified in terms of density and distribution. Two general types of calcium oxalate crystals were found, namely: the raphides and druses. The raphides were of two types, the defensive and non- defensive, and both occurred as bundles of elongated crystals enclosed in specialized cells called idioblasts. Druses were spherical conglomerate crystals extensively distributed throughout the leaf. Although degree of herbivory did not significantly affect overall density of calcium oxalate crystals, there was a highly significant interaction effect between herbivory and crystal type. With increasing degree of herbivory from 10% to 30%, the density of druses and non-defensive raphides decreased significantly but that of the defensive type increased. Water availability had a highly significant effect on overall crystal density. Interaction effect between water regime and crystal type was also highly significant. Density of druses significantly increased under waterlogged than non-waterlogged conditions while those of the defensive and non-defensive raphides were unaffected.

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PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF RHIZOMES OF NUPHAR LUTEUM

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.19030 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 267

Author(s):

Manpreet Kaur ◽

Hayat M Mukhtar

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Starch Grains ◽

Quantitative Studies ◽

Oxalate Crystals ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

The Mean

Objective: This study provides the detailed summary of pharmacognostical characters of rhizomes to give clear standards for the identification ofdrug.Methods: Important details such as macroscopy, microscopy (transverse section [TS] and powder microscopy) along with physico-chemicalparameters (such as loss on drying, ash values, and extractive values), and quantitative studies (i.e foreign matter, length and width of xylem vesselsand calcium oxalate crystals, and diameter of starch grains) were performed by standard procedure.Results: The findings of macroscopic studies revealed that the rhizomes were internally creamish to light brown and dark brown externally withlongitudinal wrinkles. TS and powder microscopy of rhizomes showed the presence of fragments of cork, cellulosic parenchyma; scalariform typexylem vessels, fragments of ligneous parenchyma, lignified astrosclereids, and small ovoid, and rounded starch grains. The mean length and meanwidth of xylem vessels and calcium oxalate crystals were found to be 406 μm (micrometer) and 60.2 μm and 63.36 μm and 48.96 μm. Whereas meandiameter of starch grains was 34.56 μ. Physicochemical standards quantified were foreign organic matter (0.2%), total ash (12.3%), acid insolubleash (6.3%), water soluble ash (3%), loss on drying (12.5%), alcohol-soluble extractive value (32.6%), and water soluble extractive value (27.6%).Conclusion: As various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in authentication, identification and establishmentsof quality parameters of the plant. This study was conducted for this purpose.

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Autopsy Findings in an Infant with Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type-1)

Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.21276/apalm.2908 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. C178-182

Author(s):

Aman Kumar ◽

Prateek Kinra ◽

A W Kashif

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Primary Hyperoxaluria ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 ◽

Crystal Deposition ◽

Primary Hyperoxaluria Type ◽

Oxalate Crystals ◽

Hyperoxaluria Type

Histopathological findings in oxalosis patient are limited in the literature, although it has high mortality. Oxalosis, which is defined as deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in tissues, is the final stage of various hyperoxaluric syndromes. It is often missed and is rare. The diagnosis is often delayed, since it requires special laboratory tests for establishing the diagnosis. Kidneys, blood vessel walls, and bones are the major sites for crystal deposition. We present an infant autopsy case of primary hyperoxaluria, type 1. Diagnosis was established with genetic testing. On autopsy, calcium oxalate crystals which were refringent to polarized light were found in both kidneys.

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Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111550 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 288-289

Author(s):

Vicki L. Baliga ◽

Mary Ellen Counts

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

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