scholarly journals STUDY OF THE VARROASIS INFESTATION RATE IN THE CENTRAL AREA OF ECUADOR

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-167
Author(s):  
VINICIO MONTALVO SILVA ◽  
FABIAN MONTES CLAVIJO ◽  
GUILLERMO VILLAFUERTE ◽  
DOLORES ORTEGA RUIZ ◽  
VICENTE JACOME ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Area ◽  
Infestation Rate ◽  
Experimental Phase ◽  
Brood Chamber ◽  
Semi Solid

Objective: To study the Varroasis Infestation rate in the central area of Ecuador. Methods: The experimental phase was developed in four apiaries distributed in the provinces: Bolivar, Tungurahua, Chimborazo and Los Rios (12 hives), the experimentation lasted 65 d. A DCA design was applied. Three different systems were used for the identification of varroa: soapy water (SW), honeycomb cut (HC) and the cardboard with semi-solid petrolatum (CSP). Results: With the SW method, it was obtained that Chimborazo has 23.14%; followed by Tungurahua (7.99%); Los Rios (3.24%) and finally Bolivar with (0.51%); with the HC method, it was determined that Chimborazo has the highest incidence with 9.13%; followed by Bolivar and finally Los Rios; with the CSP method, the province of Chimborazo presents the highest infestation (26250 individuals); followed by Bolivar, Tungurahua, and Los Rios. Regarding the production of eggs for each frame, 3 frames taken from the brood chamber were used in each of the apiaries under study; Chimborazo being where there is less quantity of eggs for each frame, followed by Bolivar, Tungurahua and finally Los Ríos. Conclusion: The higher the geographical height, the greater the Varroa infestation.

Memoirs: Studies on the Shape of the Golgi Apparatus

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 477-506
Author(s):  
VISHWA NATH
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Excellent Work ◽  
Semi Solid

1. Observations on the living ovary. The earthworm ovary, as also that of the medicinal leech, is surprisingly favourable material for the study of the Golgi apparatus and the mitochondria in the living condition. The Golgi elements stand out very prominently in all stages of oogenesis as highly refractile spherules of a dark-greyish colour, performing a dancing movement in the cell. In the earliest oogonia situated near the septal insertion of the ovary there is a single Golgi spherule lying near the nuclear membrane. It probably divides at first into two and then into four, till in advanced oocytes there is a large number of Golgi elements distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria in the earliest oogonia cannot be detected. Soon, however, they arise in the form of either a horseshoe closely fitting the nuclear membrane or a roundish mass, consisting of whitish granules, much less refractile than the Golgi elements. Gradually they spread out in the cytoplasm and perform a dancing movement. The Golgi elements and the mitochondria remain unaltered for a long time after the death of the cell. Attention is drawn to the excellent work of Foot and Strobell (1901), who described in the fresh egg of Allolobophora only two types of granules, namely, the ‘deutoplasmic’ or ‘osmiophile’ granules (Golgi elements) and the ‘archoplasmic’ or ‘yolk-nucleus’ granules (mitochondria). They have also shown only one osmiophile granule in their photographs of the earliest oogonia. 2. Observations on the living stained ovary. Neutral red and janus green B do not in any way improve the visibility of the inclusions, if indeed any improvement were desired. The Golgi elements do not at all stain with neutral red. The mitochondria may appear slightly blue with janus green. 3. Observations on fresh ovaries treated with osmic acid. The importance of this technique is greatly emphasized. After five to ten minutes' osmication the Golgi elements become copper-coloured, but they still appear solid. After half an hour's osmication they become slightly black and each element now shows very clearly a dark peripheral rim and a clear central area. The element is therefore not a solid or a semi-solid body, but a vesicle with a definite osmiophilic rim and a hollow interior. After two hours' osmication the vesicles become still blacker. 4. Experiments with the Centrifuge. The centrifuge very clearly reveals the existence of only two types of inclusions, namely, the Golgi elements and the mitochondria. There is neither yolk nor any other type of inclusion. 5. Observations on Fixed Preparations. If a Champy-fixed ovary is mounted whole, the Golgi elements appear as black granules. Within a month or so, however, they are decolorized by xylol. This proves the existence of fat inside the Golgi vesicle. In Champy-fixed sections, however, the vesicles are decolorized immediately after immersion in xylol. Kolatschev preparations demonstrate very satisfactorily the vesicular shape of the Golgi element. 6. The morphology of the Golgi apparatus in general is discussed in detail in the light of the recent work of Gatenby, Hirschler, Bowen, and others.

A Simplified Placenta-Like Brooding System in Bulgula neritina (Bryozoa)

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 130-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Woollacott ◽  
Russel L. Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Bugula Neritina ◽  
Brood Chamber ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Embryonic Nutrition

Embryos of many bryozoans are retained during development within a helmetshaped brood chamber that is composed of two parts: an outer, double-walled, calcified ooecial fold and an inner, membranous ooecial vesicle. The embryo is brooded “externally” between these two structures and, in Bugula neritina, increases 27 to 35 fold in volume during its embryogenesis. Since the blastocoelic space is obliterated early in development, this change represents an increase in tissue mass. Clearly, some form of extra-embryonic nutrition is implicated. Calvet first noted that the lining of the ooecial vesicle in regions adjacent to the embryo undergoes a pronounced hypertrophy, and Marcus later proposed that this epithelium provides nutrition to the young. Sileh, however, suggested that the hypertrophied layer functions only as a supportive cushion.

The crystallography characteristic of (Mn,Fe)S single crystal

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-899
Author(s):  
Jiang Xishan
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
Point Group ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Hexagonal Crystal ◽  
Growth Step ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Fcc Structure ◽  
New Discovery

This paper reports the growth step pattern and morphology at equilibrium and growth states of (Mn,Fe)S single crystal on the wall of micro-voids in ZG25 cast steel by using scanning electron microscope. Seldom report was presented on the growth morphology and steppattern of (Mn,Fe)S single crystal.Fig.1 shows the front half of the polyhedron of(Mn,Fe)S single crystal,its central area being the square crystal plane,the two pairs of hexagons symmetrically located in the high and low, the left and right with a certain, angle to the square crystal plane.According to the symmetrical relationship of crystal, it was defined that the (Mn,Fe)S single crystal at equilibrium state is tetrakaidecahedron consisted of eight hexagonal crystal planes and six square crystal planes. The macroscopic symmetry elements of the tetrakaidecahedron correpond to Oh—n3m symmetry class of fcc structure,in which the hexagonal crystal planes are the { 111 } crystal planes group,square crystal plaits are the { 100 } crystal planes group. This new discovery of the (Mn,Fe)S single crystal provides a typical example of the point group of Oh—n3m.

Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zafer Sahin ◽  
Alpaslan Ozkurkculer ◽  
Omer Faruk Kalkan ◽  
Ahmet Ozkaya ◽  
Aynur Koc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Chronic Immobilization Stress

Abstract. Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows ( n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 ± 0.41% and 6.28 ± 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 ± 0.41 and 3.85 ± 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 ± 5.87 s and 44.92 ± 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 ± 0.49%, 5.37 ± 0.44 and 15.3 ± 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 ± 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 ± 0.16 ppm, 179.31 ± 1.87 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 ± 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 ± 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 ± 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 ± 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 ± 1.87 ppm, 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, 327.25 ± 8.35 ppb and 2.45 ± 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain.

Shall I Move My Right or My Left Hand?

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Babiloni ◽  
Fabio Babiloni ◽  
Filippo Carducci ◽  
Febo Cincotti ◽  
Claudio Del Percio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bimanual Coordination ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Eeg Analysis ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Mirror Movements ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Motor Acts ◽  
Abstract Event

Abstract Event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) at alpha (10Hz), beta (20Hz), and gamma (40Hz) bands and movement-related potentials (MRPs) were investigated in right-handed subjects who were “free” to decide the side of unilateral finger movements (“fixed” side as a control). As a novelty, this “multi-modal” EEG analysis was combined with the evaluation of involuntary mirror movements, taken as an index of “bimanual competition.” A main issue was whether the decision regarding the hand to be moved (“free” movements) could modulate ERD/ERS or MRPs overlying sensorimotor cortical areas typically involved in bimanual tasks. Compared to “fixed” movements, “free” movements induced the following effects: (1) more involuntary mirror movements discarded from EEG analysis; (2) stronger vertex MRPs (right motor acts); (3) a positive correlation between these potentials and the number of involuntary mirror movements; (4) gamma ERS over central areas; and (5) preponderance of postmovement beta ERS over left central area (dominant hemisphere). These results suggest that ERD/ERS and MRPs provide complementary information on the cortical processes belonging to a lateralized motor act. In this context, the results on vertex MRPs would indicate a key role of supplementary/cingulate motor areas not only for bimanual coordination but also for the control of “bimanual competition” and involuntary mirror movements.

The Distribution of Hospitality Services in Uyo Urban, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Violet Bassey Eneyo
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Neighbour Analysis

This paper examines the distribution of hospitality services in Uyo Urban, Nigeria. GIS method was the primary tool used for data collection. A global positioning system (GPS) Garmin 60 model was used in tracking the location of 102 hospitality services in the study area. One hypothesis was stated and tested using the nearest neighbour analysis. The finding shows evidence of clustering of the various hospitality services. The tested hypothesis further indicated that hospitality services clustered in areas that guarantee a sustainable level of patronage to maximize profit. Thus, the hospitality services clustered in selected streets in the metropolis while limited numbers were found outside the city’s central area.

Mite infestation rate of pet dogs with ear dermatoses

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
G S Park ◽  
J S Park ◽  
B K Cho ◽  
W K Lee ◽  
J H Cho
Keyword(s):  
Infestation Rate ◽  
Mite Infestation ◽  
Pet Dogs
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