scholarly journals SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON MEDICAMENTS USED IN MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
ANUPAM JAMWAL
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Diabetes has a global prevalence in developed countries and rapidly flexing its roots in middle-and low-income countries. According to the World Health Organization, it is a major cause of kidney collapse, heart problems, and lower limb amputation. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder showing an uncontrolled increase in blood glucose levels. To date, no permanent cure has been developed for the complete restoration of impaired glucose haemostasis. With the use of therapeutic agents and nontherapeutic agents, glucose levels can be kept in control for a very long time. The foremost goal of all current ongoing treatments is to control high blood glucose levels, reduction in elevated lipid levels, and delay in the progression of diabetes-related complications. Various therapeutics agents are developed in recent decades, which shown very promising results in the management of diabetes mellitus. These agents prescribed after reviewing the clinical symptoms and situation of an individual patient. This review compiles noteworthy information related to clinically approved medicaments for diabetes mellitus. Review emphasis on categorization, mechanism of action, noted adverse effects along with the physiological responses of used medicines to treat diabetes mellitus.

Sitagliptin: A DPP-4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. CMT.S6227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn MS Johnson ◽  
Kathleen Schurr
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetes Therapy ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become an epidemic, with worldwide projections indicating that more than 336 million people will be afflicted with the disease by 2030. T2DM is characterized by inappropriately high blood glucose levels due to a deficiency in insulin secretion, action, or both. Despite the horrific complications that occur with chronic elevations of blood glucose levels, less than half of those with T2DM do not maintain proper glycemic control. Sitagliptin (Januvia, Merck and Co., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey) is a novel diabetes therapy approved for use in the U.S. and Europe. This small molecule inhibits the activity of DPP-4, a peptidase that degrades the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1. Sitagliptin increases glucoregulation in individuals with T2DM both as a monotherapy and in combination with other antihyperglycemic drugs, with a low risk of adverse side effects.

scholarly journals ANTIDIABETIC AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NICOTIANA TABACUM: POSSIBLE MECHANISMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
OLUWAFEMI OMONIYI OGUNTIBEJU
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
High Blood Glucose

Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health problem. Reports predicted that diabetes mellitus could reach a pandemic level affecting people in both developing and developed countries. According to the World Health Organization, high blood glucose is seen as the third highest risk factor for premature mortality in diabetics. For several thousands of years before the adventure of orthodox medications, human beings have been using medicinal plants in the treatment of various disease conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, infertility, bacterial, viral infections, and diabetes mellitus. The beneficial effects of selected medicinal therapies in the treatment and management of diabetes and diabetic complications have been reported. Many medicinal plants across Africa and Asia are known for their rich phytochemicals with effective components that have been observed to effectively reduce high blood glucose either in diabetic persons or diabetes-induced animals. The motivation for the use of medicinal plants includes availability, affordability, knowledge, effectiveness, and safety and some are of the opinion that medicinal plants and their derivatives could be effective and safe alternative treatment for diabetes and diabetic complications. Nicotiana tabacum is one of those plants with antidiabetic and pharmacological potentials which could benefit humans and animals if appropriately utilized; however, less attention has been focused on its antidiabetic properties. In fact, there is a paucity of information on the antidiabetic activities of N. tabacum. Therefore, this paper examines the antidiabetic and other biological activities of N. tabacum.

scholarly journals Stem Cells in the Treatment of InsulinDependent Diabetes Mellitus

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Borisov ◽  
O. S. Petrakova ◽  
I. G. Gvazava ◽  
E. N. Kalistratova ◽  
A. V. Vasiliev
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
World Health ◽  
Autoimmune Reaction ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Diabetes affects over 350 million people worldwide, with the figure projected to rise to nearly 500 million over the next 20 years, according to the World Health Organization. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes) is an endocrine disorder caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin-producing -cells in the pancreas, which leads to insulin deficiency. Administration of exogenous insulin remains at the moment the treatment mainstay. This approach helps to regulate blood glucose levels and significantly increases the life expectancy of patients. However, type 1 diabetes is accompanied by long-term complications associated with the systemic nature of the disease and metabolic abnormalities having a profound impact on health. Of greater impact would be a therapeutic approach which would overcome these limitations by better control of blood glucose levels and prevention of acute and chronic complications. The current efforts in the field of regenerative medicine are aimed at finding such an approach. In this review, we discuss the time-honored technique of donor islets of Langerhans transplantation. We also focus on the use of pluripotent stem and committed cells and cellular reprogramming. The molecular mechanisms of pancreatic differentiation are highlighted. Much attention is devoted to the methods of grafts delivery and to the materials used during its creation.

Wpływ żywienia na występowanie nowotworów

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Zegartowska
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

Many studies conducted in recent years have shown that the incidence of cancer is still on the rise. According to the World Health Orgnization (WHO), most of these cases are a consequence of poor diet and lifestyle. Excess dietary carbohydrates, low-glycaemic index carbohydrates in particular, and low intake of fibre promote carcinogenesis. Many studies led to a conclusion that high body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) contribute to the risk of cancer. High blood glucose levels are one of the main factors predisposing to cancer. High postprandial blood glucose, which is most commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, is also one of the factors that disturb metabolic transformations, which may promote carcinogenesis. It is worth following the principles of rational nutrition as part of cancer prevention. Manufacturers meet consumers' demands by developing improved food products, such as jams made from vegetables, which are higher in fibre and lower in sugar compared to fruit jams.

scholarly journals Laporan Kasus: Kegoyangan Gigi Pada Pasien disertai Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Pascalis Adhi Kurniawan ◽  
Rinawati Satrio
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Close Relationship

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to disturbances in insulin secretion and insulin action. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, because the body cannot release or use insulin adequately. There are many factors that trigger or aggravate periodontitis, including plaque accumulation, calculus (tartar), and systemic factors such as diabetes mellitus. Objective: To explain that there is a close relationship between elevated blood glucose levels and periodontitis. Case Description: A 77 year old woman presented with a loose left upper tooth and pain during eating. The patient admitted to having a history of systemic disease, namely diabetes mellitus. Intra oral examination was found on 27th grade 3 luxation, 6 mm gingival recession, 4 mm probing depth, debris around the teeth, oral hygiene tends to be poor. The therapy provided is in the form of education on the effect of diabetes mellitus on teeth and the condition of the oral cavity in general, as well as the importance of maintaining health and food consumption so that blood sugar conditions are controlled. Conclusion: Periodontal disease can be affected by DM. Periodontitis is one of the manifestations of DM in the oral cavity. The severity of periodontitis can result from an increase in blood glucose levels.

scholarly journals Penghambatan Enzim Alpha-Glukosidase oleh Daun Mimba (Azadirachta indica) dan Rimpang Temu Mangga (Curcuma mangga)

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Nursalinda Kusumawati ◽  
Haryoto Haryoto ◽  
Peni Indrayudha
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Mango Ginger ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Neem Leaves

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the digestive system characterized by high blood glucose levels. The main enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism is α-glucosidase. One of the therapeutic approaches to treat T2DM is to make glucose uptake into the blood delayed through inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme activity. Neem leaves and mango ginger are reported to reduce blood glucose levels. This study aims to determine the potential inhibitor of neem leaves extract and mango ginger extract and their respective fractions on α-glucosidase activity. Simplicia of neem leaves and mango ginger were macerated using 96% ethanol for 24 hours. The ethanol extract of neem leaves and mango rhizome were fractionated using silica gel 60 GF254 as adsorbent and a combination of ethyl acetate and n-hexane as eluent. The extracts of neem leaves and mango rhizome and fractions of both plants were tested for α-glucosidase inhibition with acarbose as a comparison. The results showed that both plants provided inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase with the lowest IC50 value from the semi-polar fraction of neem leaves about 24.16±4.58 μg/mL. Neem leaves and mango ginger have potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Profile of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at Increased Risk for Large for Gestational Age Newborns

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (05) ◽  
pp. 298-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria da Glória Rodrigues Tavares ◽  
Érika Sales Lopes ◽  
Rosy Anne de Jesus Pereira Araújo Barros ◽  
Rossana Santiago de Sousa Azulay ◽  
Manuel dos Santos Faria
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Objective Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with a higher risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and its main complication is the occurrence of large for gestational age (LGA) newborns. The present study aims to characterize pregnant women with GDM and to identify factors associated with the occurrence of LGA newborns in this population. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed based on medical records of women whose prenatal care and delivery were performed at the Maternal and Child Unit of the Hospital Universitário of the Universidade Federal do Maranhão, state of Maranhão, Brazil. A total of 116 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM were included according to the criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG). Results The variables associated with LGA newborns after multivariate analysis were: obesity prior to pregnancy (OR = 11.6; 95% CI: 1.40–95.9), previous macrosomia (OR = 34.7; 95% CI: 4.08–295.3), high blood glucose levels in the 3rd trimester (OR = 2,67; 95% CI: 1.01–7.12) and combined change in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (fasting + postdextrose) (OR = 3.53; 95% CI: 1.25–14.2) = 1.17–10.6). Otherwise, insufficient weight gain during pregnancy reduced the risk for LGA newborns (OR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01–0.32). Conclusion Obesity prior to pregnancy, previous macrosomia, high blood glucose levels in the 3rd trimester, and combined change in the OGTT were independent predictive factors for LGA newborns in pregnant women with GDM.

scholarly journals KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH SEWAKTU PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DI PUSKESMAS BAHU KOTA MANADO

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suci M. J. Amir ◽  
Herlina Wungouw ◽  
Damajanty Pangemanan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Community Health Center ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract: World Health Organisation (WHO) predicts that the number of people with diabetes in Indonesia will increase from 8.4 million in 2000 to 21.3 million in 2030. Riskesdas in 2013 showed that North Sulawesi was one of the provinces with the highest prevalence of diabetes in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to check blood glucose levels regularly for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Community Health Center Bahu Manado. This study was a descriptive cross sectional study design. Respondents were 22 T2DM patients that had signed the informed consent. The results showed that of the 22 respondents, 11 (50%) had high blood glucose level with an average of 267.8 mg/dL, 4 (18.2%) had moderate high blood glucose level with an average of 153.2 mg/dL, and 7 (31.8%) had normal blood glucose level with an average of 123 mg/dL. Conclusion: Most of T2DM patients in Community Health Center Bahu Manado showed high blood glucose levels with poor blood glucose control.Keywords: type 2 diabetes, blood glucose levelAbstrak: World Health Organisation (WHO) memprediksi kenaikan jumlah penyandang diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) di Indonesia dari 8,4 juta pada tahun 2000 menjadi 21,3 juta pada tahun 2030. Laporan Riskesdas tahun 2013 menunjukkan bahwa Sulawesi Utara merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan angka prevalensi DMT2 yang tertinggi di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu diperlukan pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah secara berkala untuk skrining dan diagnosis DMT2, salah satunya pemeriksaan glukosa darah sewaktu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar glukosa darah sewaktu pada pasien DMT2 di Puskesmas Bahu Kota Manado. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan rancangan potong lintang. Didapatkan 22 pasien DMT2 yang bersedia menjadi responden serta menandatangani informed consent. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 22 responden, 11 (50%) memiliki rerata kadar glukosa darah yang buruk yaitu 267,8 mg/dL, 4 (18,2%) memiliki kadar glukosa darah yang sedang dengan rerata 153,2 mg/dL, dan 7 (31,8%) memiliki kadar glukosa darah yang baik dengan rerata 123 mg/dL. Simpulan: Pasien DMT2 di Puskesmas Bahu Kota Manado menunjukkan sebagian besar memiliki rerata kadar glukosa darah sewaktu yang tinggi dengan kendali glukosa darah yang buruk.Kata kunci: DMT2, glukosa darah sewaktu

Water Soluble Vitamins and their Role in Diabetes and its Complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreeya V. Deshmukh ◽  
Bala Prabhakar ◽  
Yogesh A. Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood due to inadequate production of insulin or inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin. Diabetes has become an increasing challenge in the world. The predicted diabetic population according to the World Health Organization is 8.7% between the age group 20-70 years. There are many complications linked to prolonged high blood glucose levels, such as microvascular complications and macrovascular complications. Vitamins play an important role in glucose metabolism and the potential utility of supplementation is relevant for the prevention and/or management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Methods: Literature search was performed using various dataset like PUBMED, EBSCO, ProQuest, Scopus and selected websites like the National Institute of Health and the World Health Organization. Result: Water-soluble vitamins have been thoroughly studied for their activity in diabetes and diabetic complications. Conclusion: Water-soluble vitamins like B1, B3, B6, B7, B9 and B12 have notable effects in diabetes mellitus and its related complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiomyopathy.

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