scholarly journals «Реэстр зюнгорскому ружью», или Вопрос о джунгарском пополнении Ставропольского корпуса крещеных калмыков в политике государства (конец 50 – начало 60-х гг. XVIII в.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-751
Author(s):  
Andrey S. Ryazhev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Host Materials ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Communities ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
External Reasons

Introduction. The article deals with religious policies that influenced ethnoconfessional military communities in the southeast of the Russian Empire during early modern period. The work provides a first attempt to examine the resettlement of Dzungar Oirat refugees (Russ. zengortsy) from Siberia to the Volga territories and their integration into the Stavropol Kalmyk Host. Materials and Methods. The study analyzes documents of central and local institutions that specify the latter’s attitudes towards both Dzungar arrivals and, at large, irregular units of Kalmyk Christians in steppe border areas. A number of applied techniques inherent to source studies and archaeography made it possible to gain a comprehensive insight into the research materials and reveal certain ties that characterize trends of Russian policies towards the Dzungar question. Results. Clarification of the internal and external reasons to have forced the authorities to conscript Dzungars into the Stavropol Kalmyk Host, i. e. the need to strengthen the latter as a border military-and-police force right after the conflict with the Qing over South Siberian subjects was settled is provided. The paper shows the distribution and infrastructure development of the arrivals across unoccupied lands of the Stavropol Host. Special attention is paid to the biography of Noyon Norbo Danjin, a relative of Amursana who lead Dzungars to the Volga to become a Christian colonel, military judge, and advisor to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. In terms of discussion, the work outlines the Dzungar conscription in Stavropol-on-Volga historiographically, delineates its correlation to the situation with available sources on contacts between Russia, Qing China, and nomads (Dzungars, Kazakhs). Conclusions. The paper acknowledges the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate proved an enormous geopolitical shift that forced Russia to restructure its external policies across southeastern steppe peripheries and develop its military strength, which brought Dzungar reserve units of the Stavropol Host in significant demand.

Divine Punishment or Disease? Medieval and Early Modern Approaches to the 1518 Strasbourg Dancing Plague

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Lynneth J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Divine Judgment ◽  
Divine Punishment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Using writings from observers of the 1518 Strasbourg dancing plague, this article explores the various understandings of dancing mania, disease, and divine judgment applied to the dancing plague's interpretation and treatment. It argues that the 1518 Strasbourg dancing plague reflects new currents of thought, but remains closely linked to medieval philosophies; it was an event trapped between medieval and modern ideologies and treated according to two very different systems of belief. Understanding the ways in which observers comprehended the dancing plague provides insight into the ways in which, during the early modern period, new perceptions of the relationship between humanity and the divine developed and older conceptions of the body and disease began to change, while at the same time, ideologies surrounding dance and its relationship to sinful behavior remained consistent.

“To Immerse their Wives”: Communal Identity and the “Kahalishe” Mikveh of Altona

AJS Review ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-279
Author(s):  
Debra Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Lay Leaders ◽  
Communal Identity ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Communal Institutions ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Insight Into

On Sunday, the twelfth of Adar, March 2, 1681, theparnasim, the lay leaders of Altona, recorded an enactment in their communal logbook, thepinkas kehillah, regulating women's use of the localmikva'ot. Designating two privately-owned ritual baths as the only approved immersion locations for most of the women in the community, they decreed that defiance of this decree was to be punished with some of the most severe weapons in the arsenal of the communal leaders. Four years later, theparnasimreversed their policy and, with the permission of the community's rabbinic leadership, required the women to use only the newly builtkahalishe, or community,mikveh, banning the use of the two previously approvedmikva'ot. This article examines the construction and reconstruction of these policies regulating women's use ofmikva'ot, offering insight into how designated communal institutions were developed in the early modern period as well as how these institutions were used both to finance the community and to forge communal identity. Moreover, consideration of themikvehas a locus for building communal institutions and, in particular, communal identity, offers insight into how the growing bureaucratization of Jewish communal life in the early modern period affected women's lives.

scholarly journals “The intolerable business": Religion and diplomacy under Elizabeth’s rule

Sederi ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Susana Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Political ◽  
British Library ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Single Piece ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Insight Into

Within the scope of foreign affairs between Portugal and England during Elizabeth’s rule, numerous events indicate the challenges faced by the Portuguese ambassadors on their missions. Regrettably, little is known about these envoys and one rarely finds any reference to their names or their diplomatic accomplishments in Early Modern studies. This paper focuses on a diplomatic incident which involved Francisco Giraldes, a Portuguese resident ambassador in England, aiming to shed some light on “the intolerable business” that led to a confrontation with the Bishop of London, Edwin Sandys. Attending a Catholic Mass in the context of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement involved certain challenges that should be considered. Diplomats, however, enjoyed certain immunities, including the droit de chappelle, and were allowed to hold Catholic services in their ambassadorial residences. But in March 1573, while Mass was being held, Francisco Giraldes’s residence was raided by the Sheriff of London’s men, working under the Bishop of London’s instructions. The ongoing tension between the religious and the political areas of power was, thus, exposed. Two letters, written by the Bishop of London, included in the Lansdowne Manuscripts Collection of the British Library, registered the event. As Sandy’s correspondence appears to be the single piece of surviving evidence regarding this diplomatic incident, it stands to reason that its analysis will provide significant insight into the coexistence, as well as the clash, of oppositional forces, while further contributing to an interpretation of Anglo-Portuguese affairs in Early Modern times.

Country and Town: The Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Peopling of England in the Early Modern Period

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Wrigley ◽  
John Langton
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Hierarchical Nature ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

There are many ways of depicting the constitution of a given society and of defining and measuring the changes within it. They reflect the interests and purposes of the scholars concerned, tempered by the source materials available to them. This chapter reflects the conviction that the occupational structure of a society and the changes therein offer the opportunity to gain an insight into much else about that society and its development. The way in which men and women earned a living reveals much about them and their communities. Though true of all societies, this was perhaps especially true of societies before the industrial revolution. It is instructive to consider why this should be so. At bottom it follows from the fact that occupational structure in pre-industrial societies reflected the hierarchical nature of human needs, which produced some notable and readily observable regularities. The thinking and terminology of the classical economists reflected their appreciation of this point. They frequently referred to what they termed the necessities of life, of which there were four: food, shelter, clothing, and fuel. These they distinguished both from what they characterized as comforts, other material products which were less central to life than the necessities but eagerly sought after when circumstances permitted; and from luxuries, goods or services to which only the affluent could aspire. If circumstances are sufficiently bleak people will favour spending on necessities above all other forms of expenditure, so that a very high proportion of the total spending of the poor will be devoted solely to necessities and above all to food. It was not uncommon for an impoverished household in early modern England to spend as much as three-quarters of its income on food alone and a still higher proportion, of course, on the four necessities taken together. But when income rises the proportion spent on necessities declines. If a poor man’s income suddenly doubles, he and his family will spend more thereafter on food but their expenditure on food will not double.

Orthodox Communities on Russia’s Frontiers

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Romaniello
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This essay is a brief comment on the preceding essays, highlighting two issues of significance raised by these authors. The first is whether the frontier itself influenced the evolution of Orthodox belief. Did distance create an opportunity to expand the faith? The second question considers the impact of the Russian Empire on its religious communities, and examines the way in which religion can reveal the tension between center and periphery. To address these issues, this comment adds a reflection on the conversion mission among the Muslim and animist communities in and around Kazan in the early modern period.

scholarly journals The body and truth: Intersecting discourses of Renaissance torture

SURG Journal ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Laura Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Philosophical Writings ◽  
Insight Into

From the 13th to the 17th century torture became a component of the judicial system, the goal of which was to discover the veracity of the accused. Two primary, competing discourses developed in order to explain the epistemological value of torture, the dicens veritatis and the dicens dubitatis. In the first discourse, torture exists as a producer of legitimate truth, while in the second the use of torture necessarily casts doubt on the obtained confession. This essay examines the ways in which the victim can undermine the torture process through the manipulation of these discourses. This is done within the dicens veritatis when the victim claims innocence and forces the torturer to accept this as truth. Within the dicens dubitatis, this is accomplished by forcing torturers to acknowledge the flawed nature of their own discourse through the telling of lies. The first component of my examination explores the transcripts of the legal proceedings against Domenico Scandella and Jean Bourdil, identifying the differing ways these victims employ both discourses to create a resistance to the torturer’s predetermined narrative of events. The second component scrutinizes the depiction of the body within the philosophical writings of contemporary periods, thereby establishing the epistemological relationship between the body and pain. More broadly, my examination of literary, judicial and philosophical sources interrogates the justification of torture in the Early Modern period, allowing us to gain insight into the historical underpinning of modern sanctions of state-employed torture.

scholarly journals ‘The Miraculous Mathematics of the World’: Proving the Existence of God in Cardinal Péter Pázmány’sKalauz

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 248-259
Author(s):  
Tadhg Ó Hannracháin
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
Intellectual Milieu ◽  
True Knowledge ◽  
Insight Into

This paper offers a brief examination of Cardinal Péter Pázmány’s meditation on the role of the beauty and wonder of the natural world in leading to the true knowledge of God, which is placed at the beginning of his most important work, theGuide to the Divine Truth (Isteni Igazsàgra Vezérlô Kalauz). Pázmány’s treatment of this subject offers an insight into the Catholic intellectual milieu which ultimately rejected the Copernican cosmology championed by Galileo in favour of a geocentric and geostatic universe. In this regard, the confidence with which Pázmány asserts the harmony and compatibility between secular knowledge and apprehension of nature and the conviction of the existence of a creator God is of particular importance. An analysis of this section of his work also points up a surprising contrast with Calvin’s treatment of the same subject in theInstitutes of the Christian Religion.’ Pázmány was raised within the Reformed tradition until his teenage years and as a Catholic polemicist he devoted great attention to Calvin’s writings. Indeed, to some extent it can be suggested that theInstitutesserved as both target and model for his own great work. Yet his handling of the topic of nature as a proof of the existence of God, an area where relatively little difference might have been expected in view of its non-salience as a polemical issue, not only offers a revealing insight into the confident intellectual perspective of seventeenth-century Catholicism, but also suggests some additional ramifications of the greatsola scripturadebate which split European Christianity in the early modern period.

New Directions in Mediterranean Maritime History

2004 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Language Barriers ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Maritime History ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
Insight Into

This study seeks to correct the underrepresentation of Mediterranean maritime history in academic publications, in attempt to understand the multi-cultural and multi-ethnic environment in which maritime activity takes place, by compiling ten essays from maritime historians concerning Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Greece, Turkey, and Israel. The aim of the collection is to provide an insight into Mediterranean maritime history to those who could not previously access such information due to language barriers or difficulty securing non-English publications; some of the essays have translated into English specifically for this publication. The majority of the essays concern the Early Modern period, and the remainder concern the contemporary.

scholarly journals Reconstructing Clerical Careers: The Experience of the Clergy of the Church of England Database

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR BURNS ◽  
KENNETH FINCHAM ◽  
STEPHEN TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Relational Database ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

The Clergy of the Church of England Database, a project funded by the AHRB, began work in 1999 with the aim of constructing a relational database covering all clerical careers in the Church of England between 1540 and 1835. This article outlines the methodology and scope of the project before discussing some of the intellectual problems posed by the task of constructing a database that reflects the complexities of an irrational, pre-bureaucratic organisation. It also offers an insight into the potential of the completed database as a tool for investigating the largest profession of the early modern period.

scholarly journals Russian Law in the Early Modern Period

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryanna Muravyeva
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
The Russian Empire

The chapter gives an overview of the development of early modern Russian law. During this period, Russian law was undergoing a definite modernization which intensified in the seventeenth and, particularly, in the eighteenth century. The law became more rational, predictable and efficient. Russia actively engaged in codification and systematization of law, and that led to the more regular application of procedure and better lawyering. Russian law quickly adapted to the social, economic and political challenges, as it was under constant revision. Legal rules became more uniform and unvarying in their application. The Russian legal system grew to be hierarchical and bureaucratic, staffed by professionals via either practice or education. Due to these changes, the legal reforms of the nineteenth century allowed the Russian Empire to become a Rechtsstaat, although it was widely criticized and often even denied by contemporaries and scholars.

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