The selective maintenance of international peace and security: the role of great powers and United Nations conflict management.

The United Nations organization was planned to be established as a single universal system of collective security. Major efforts were supposed to be taken by the UN Security Council. Regional organizations were introduced into the system as a subordinate subsidiary means – elements of the system. Over the course of the time it has, however, appeared that the UN Security Council was not able to act in the way prescribed by the UN Charter in suppressing newly emerged threats and challenges in the sphere of security. In the contrary, the role of regional organizations has increased substantially. They do the majority of tasks in the sphere of maintenance of international peace and security, often without authorization or even informing the UN Security Council, although the legality of some of these actions may be dubious. As a result, the Council itself transfers the accent in relations between the UN and regional organizations from subsidiarity to complementarity or even partnership. It is thus necessary to re-check the meaning of the concepts of complementarity and subsidiarity as well as the UN Charter provisions in the changed circumstances and to specify principles of the new system.

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The Emergence of Safe Areas and the Role of Normative Contingency

Global Responsibility to Protect ◽

10.1163/1875984x-01003003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 286-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Phil Orchard

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

Security Council ◽

International Peace ◽

Northern Iraq ◽

Civilian Protection ◽

Internal Conflicts ◽

Military Presence ◽

Safe Area ◽

Peace And Security

The concept of ‘safe areas’ emerged in the early 1990s as a way of responding to increasing displacement triggered by internal conflicts. As a form of protection, their record was mixed—for every success like northern Iraq in 1991, there was a failure like the collapse of the Srebrenica safe area in 1995. But why did the safe area concept itself emerge at this time? Traditionally, safe areas were akin to humanitarian spaces anchored in consent. The shift in the early 1990s was to replace consent with an international military presence, including military forces and peacekeepers. This article argues that this shift was only possible because of two critical changes which occurred within the United Nations: the recognition that civilian protection represented an international problem and the UN Security Council broadening how it interpreted the notion of ‘threats to international peace and security’ to include issues such as forced migrant flows.

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15. The Role of the United Nations

Cassese's International Law ◽

10.1093/he/9780199231287.003.0015 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 313-334

Author(s):

Paola Gaeta ◽

Jorge E. Viñuales ◽

Salvatore Zappalà

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

Great Powers ◽

Peace And Security ◽

Grand Design ◽

Development Goals ◽

The United Nations ◽

To Come ◽

Second World

This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations (UN), covering the grand design of the post-Second World War period, the ideals of the primacy of international law, the goals and structure of the new organization, the principal achievements and failures, and the current role of the UN, particularly in light of the adoption in 2015 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a new Agenda in which all UN goals tend to come together. The chapter describes the functions and roles of the principal organs of the UN and the interplay between them. It argues that since the UN came into existence it has often failed in three areas: maintenance of peace and security, disarmament, and bridging the gap between industrialized and developing countries. On the other hand, progress was made in the area of self-determination of peoples and in promoting human rights, while in the area of economic co-operation, despite some progress, much more remains to be done. However, for all its deficiencies and in spite of the lack of vision of some of its Secretaries-General, the primary failings of the UN must be traced back to the States behind it, chiefly the Great Powers.

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THE ROLE OF WOMEN AS MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY FORCES (Indonesian Women's Security Forces Recruitment Process)

Pamulang Law Review ◽

10.32493/palrev.v2i1.5342 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Fenny Wulandari ◽

Abdul Azis

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

International Organizations ◽

World Order ◽

International Organization ◽

International Peace ◽

World War ◽

Security Forces ◽

Peace And Security ◽

The United Nations

International organizations are formed by an agreement in which three or more countries are parties, or also called intergovernmental organizations because their members are state. The state as a party to the international organization must accept the obligations arising from the agreement. Countries incorporated in an international organization usually have the same interests and goals. Even in some difficulties and to help progress the member countries of the international organization did not hesitate to provide assistance. International organizations such as the United Nations have the aim of maintaining international peace and security. The establishment of the United Nations (UN) was set against the concerns of mankind for international peace and security based on the experience of the First World War and the Second World War. Indonesia's commitment to participate in carrying out world order based on independence, lasting peace and social justice is the mandate of paragraph IV of the Opening of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This commitment is always realized through Indonesia's active participation and contribution in the UN Mission of Maintenance and Peace. In the international context, participation is an important and concrete indicator of the role of a country in contributing to maintaining international peace and security.

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Special political missions and their role in a preventive diplomacy: opportunities and challenges

Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations ◽

10.15290/eejtr.2020.04.02.01 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 9-25

Author(s):

Małgorzata Myl ◽

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

The European Union ◽

International Peace ◽

Main Attention ◽

Preventive Actions ◽

Peace And Security ◽

The United Nations

Today’s diplomacy is an ambiguous phenomenon which involves many diverse tools and actions undertaken by national and international actors. Diplomacy is undoubtedly one of a key element of international peace and security as it enables disputes and conflicts to be prevented . There is a host of measures and instruments that can be exercised at any stage of a crisis, among which are special political missions. This paper is an attempt to discuss the nature and role of a special political mission in preventive actions. The main attention is paid to the missions established by the United Nations and by the European Union. The considerations resulted in listing strengths of the special political missions and in identifying the challenges that should be faced in order to increase an effectiveness of the missions.

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Security Council Legislation, Article 2(7) of the UN Charter, and the Principle of Subsidiarity

Leiden Journal of International Law ◽

10.1017/s0922156511000240 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 539-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

NICHOLAS TSAGOURIAS

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

Security Council ◽

Dispute Settlement ◽

International Peace ◽

Member States ◽

Peace And Security ◽

The United Nations ◽

The Relationship ◽

Law Making

AbstractThis article considers the relationship between the United Nations and its member states in view of the Security Council's assertion of legislative powers. It claims that the exponential growth in UN powers at the expense of the powers of its member states cannot be arrested by legal means, because of the nature of the UN system and the absence of legally enforceable criteria and compulsory dispute-settlement mechanisms. For this reason, it proposes a different approach to law-making in the area of international peace and security – one that is built around the principle of subsidiarity, as reflected in Article 2(7) of the UN Charter. The role of the principle of subsidiarity in this respect is to determine which authority is best suited to exercise legislative power and how such power should be exercised in order to attain the objective of peace and security more efficiently. It is thus contended that the principle of subsidiarity promotes co-operative relations between the United Nations and its member states by protecting the latters' jurisdictional authority from unnecessary interference.

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Pakistan

The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Asia and the Pacific ◽

10.1093/law/9780198793854.003.0024 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 575-603

Author(s):

Ahmer Bilal Soofi

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

International Law ◽

The State ◽

International Treaties ◽

International Peace ◽

Sovereign State ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

State Practice ◽

Peace And Security

This chapter evaluates international law in Pakistan. In the international arena, Pakistan was collectively recognized as a sovereign state within the community of nations by gaining membership of the United Nations. Pakistan is also a member of various other international and regional governmental organizations. Now enshrined in the country’s Constitution of 1973 are principles of policy for the state to ‘promote international peace and security, foster goodwill and friendly relations among all nations and encourage the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means’. With regards to its international law obligations, Pakistan operates as a dualist state: The Rules of Business 1973 empower the Cabinet to sign and ratify international treaties and agreements on behalf of the state, following which the Parliament is tasked with their incorporation via implementing legislation. The chapter then highlights Pakistan’s contribution to international law, through state practice or otherwise, as well as the role of international law in Pakistan’s domestic jurisprudence.

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The Political Role of the Secretary-General

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300011590 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 720-735 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Leland M. Goodrich

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

Social Development ◽

Secretary General ◽

The Political ◽

International Peace ◽

Political Role ◽

Peace And Security ◽

The Subject ◽

Policies And Programs

For the purposes of this discussion, the political role of the Secretary General is defined in somewhat narrow terms. It is not intended to discuss his role in the development of policy generally, which would be a possible way of viewing the subject. Rather, attention will be given to the role of the Secretary-General in the discharge of one of the major responsibilities of the United Nations—the maintenance of international peace and security. Consequently, the role of the Secretary-General in developing and executing policies and programs of economic and social development, which has come to be one of the major fields of activity of the Organization, will not be touched upon, except incidentally.

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Regional Arrangements and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: The Role of the African Union Peace and Security Council

Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international ◽

10.1017/s0069005800010092 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 ◽

pp. 97-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Charles Riziki Majinge

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

Security Council ◽

African Union ◽

International Peace ◽

African Countries ◽

Un Security Council ◽

Peace And Security ◽

The United Nations

SummaryThis article examines the role of regional arrangements under the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter) in the maintenance of international peace and security. The African Union Peace and Security Council (AU PSC), the organ within the AU charged with addressing threats to international peace and security on the African continent, is used as a case study. The author contends that the major challenges facing regional arrangements in exercising mandates under Article 53 of the UN Charter of the United Nations have more to do with inadequate financial and logistical resources than the nature of those mandates. Taking the AU’s role in Somalia, Sudan, and other African countries as examples, the article demonstrates that the AU PSC has failed to achieve its objective of maintaining peace and security precisely because the United Nations (UN) Security Council — a more powerful and better resourced organ — has failed to live up to its responsibility of extending the assistance necessary to enable the AU PSC to perform its functions. Consequently, the author concludes that the UN Security Council, when delegating powers to regional arrangements to maintain international peace and security, should provide adequate resources to such regional arrangements, especially those that will otherwise have minimal or no capacity to fulfil their mandate effectively.

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