A review on Effectivity of Plant based vaccines in the treatment of viral diseases

Plant engineering technology has been working effectively since last 30 years. Commercialization of different product using plant engineering is encouraging us to develop effective treatment and this progress takes too much effort and time, but still many candidate vaccines for use in humans are in clinical trials. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are basically self-constructed structures departed from viral antigens which copy the organization of similar viruses but without viral genome. This technology offers several pros in terms of safety, immunogenicity and stability in production over vaccines derived from pathogen formulation. Now, many pharmaceutical companies are working in this technology to develop effective treatment against various diseases. This review discusses how plant engineering technology works for diseases and regulations relevant to the development of plant-based vaccines in the treatment of viruses like Hepatitis B, Ebola, Papilloma, Norwalk, Influenza, HIV and Covid-19. Keywords: Plant engineering technology, Virus-like Particles, Pathogens, Antibodies.

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Putting Contract Research Organisations on the Radar: An Exploratory Study on Outsourcing of Clinical Trials by Pharmaceutical Companies To Contract Research Organisations in Non-Traditional Trial Regions

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.1759265 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

SOMO Submitter ◽

Mariette Van Huijstee ◽

Irene Schipper

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Exploratory Study ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Contract Research ◽

Research Organisations ◽

Contract Research Organisations

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An Update on JAK Inhibitors

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867325666180327093502 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 1806-1832 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Francesca Musumeci ◽

Chiara Greco ◽

Ilaria Giacchello ◽

Anna Lucia Fallacara ◽

Munjed M. Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Tyrosine Kinases ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases ◽

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Jak Inhibitors ◽

Pyrimidine Derivatives ◽

Janus Kinases ◽

Structure Activity

Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, composed by four members, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. JAKs are involved in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as in malignancies, through the activation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Furthermore, the V617F mutation in JAK2 was identified in patients affected by myeloproliferative neoplasms. This knowledge prompted researchers from academia and pharmaceutical companies to investigate this field in order to discover small molecule JAK inhibitors. These efforts recently afforded to the market approval of four JAK inhibitors. Despite the fact that all these drugs are pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, many compounds endowed with different heterocyclic scaffolds have been reported in the literature as selective or multi-JAK inhibitors, and a number of them is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review we will report many representative compounds that have been published in articles or patents in the last five years (period 2013-2017). The inhibitors will be classified on the basis of their chemical structure, focusing, when possible, on their structure activity relationships, selectivity and biological activity. For every class of derivatives, compounds disclosed before 2013 that have entered clinical trials will also be briefly reported, to underline the importance of a particular chemical scaffold in the search for new inhibitors.

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Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201020666190809112704 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 1108-1121 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Miriam Dibo ◽

Eduardo C. Battocchio ◽

Lucas M. dos Santos Souza ◽

Matheus D. Veloso da Silva ◽

Bruna K. Banin-Hirata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Viral Antigen ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Antibody Therapy ◽

Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

The Status ◽

Epidemiological Impact

The epidemiological impact of viral diseases, combined with the emergence and reemergence of some viruses, and the difficulties in identifying effective therapies, have encouraged several studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. In this context, the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of viral diseases is increasing. One of the strategies of immunotherapy is the use of antibodies, particularly the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multi-specific antibodies, which bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. With current advancements in science and technology, several such antibodies are being tested, and some are already approved and are undergoing clinical trials. The present work aims to review the status of mAb development for the treatment of viral diseases.

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Hepatitis B core-based virus-like particles: A platform for vaccine development in plants

Biotechnology Reports ◽

10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00605 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. e00605

Author(s):

Maryam Moradi Vahdat ◽

Farshad Hemmati ◽

Abozar Ghorbani ◽

Daria Rutkowska ◽

Alireza Afsharifar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Virus Like Particles

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Efficient Production of Chimeric Hepatitis B Virus-Like Particles Bearing an Epitope of Hepatitis E Virus Capsid by Transient Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana

Life ◽

10.3390/life11010064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Gergana Zahmanova ◽

Milena Mazalovska ◽

Katerina Takova ◽

Valentina Toneva ◽

Ivan Minkov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽

Hepatitis E Virus ◽

Chimeric Protein ◽

Hepatitis E ◽

Core Antigen ◽

Efficient Production ◽

Virus Like Particles ◽

B Virus

The core antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBcAg) is capable of self-assembly into virus-like particles (VLPs) when expressed in a number of heterologous systems. Such VLPs are potential carriers of foreign antigenic sequences for vaccine design. In this study, we evaluated the production of chimeric HBcAg VLPs presenting a foreign epitope on their surface, the 551–607 amino acids (aa) immunological epitope of the ORF2 capsid protein of hepatitis E virus. A chimeric construct was made by the insertion of 56 aa into the immunodominant loop of the HBcAg. The sequences encoding the chimera were inserted into the pEAQ-HT vector and infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The plant-expressed chimeric HBcHEV ORF2 551–607 protein was recognized by an anti-HBcAg mAb and anti-HEV IgG positive swine serum. Electron microscopy showed that plant-produced chimeric protein spontaneously assembled into “knobbly” ~34 nm diameter VLPs. This study shows that HBcAg is a promising carrier platform for the neutralizing epitopes of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and the chimeric HBcAg/HEV VLPs could be a candidate for a bivalent vaccine.

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