PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH BAN BEKAS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI PIROLISIS

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Asron Ferdian Falaah ◽  
Adi Cifriadi
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Purification Unit

Pertumbuhan industri otomotif yang semakin pesat mengakibatkan peningkatan permintaan ban kendaraan, sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah limbah ban bekas. Oleh karena ban bekas sangat sulit terdegradasi oleh alam, maka diperlukan suatu teknik untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini. Salah satu cara untuk menangani limbah ban bekas adalah dengan mendegradasi secara thermal melalui proses pirolisis. Proses pirolisis adalah degradasi thermal suatu bahan dengan sedikit atau tanpa oksigen yang  dilakukan pada temperatur tinggi sekitar  300 – 900 0C.  Limbah ban bekas yang diperoleh dari proses buffing (proses penghalusan) pada pabrik vulkanisir ban mengandung karet dan bahan kimia karet seperti : karet alam, karet sintetis, filler (pengisi) seperti Carbon Black, Sulfur, Zinc Oxide, Processing Oil, Accelators, dll. Produk dari proses pirolisis limbah ban bekas berupa fase padat, cair dan gas. Fase padat adalah berupa arang (char), sedangkan fase cair dan fase gas berupa minyak (Oil) dan senyawa yang tidak terkondensasi (Pyro-gas). Produk cairan pirolisat dapat digunakan sebagai  bahan baku dalam berbagai aplikasi industri seperti industri pelarut, resin, lem, dan dispersing agent untuk pigmen warna. Produk padat berupa arang (char) dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar padat atau dapat sebagai arang aktif (activated carbon) yang digunakan dalam unit pemurnian air (water purification unit), sedangkan produk gas dapat digunakan sebagai sumber bahan bakar pada proses pirolisis.

Dispersion of Channel Gas Black in Rubber. Effect of Stearic Acid and Other So-called Dispersing Agents

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-482
Author(s):  
C. R. Park ◽  
V. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Zinc Stearate ◽  
Surface Forces ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Dispersing Agents

Abstract THE completeness of wetting of carbon black by rubber, the consequent state of dispersion of the black, and the effect of the surface forces in the development of reënforcement of the rubber have been the subjects of much deliberation and experimentation. Of special interest has been the effect of stearic acid upon the dispersing power of rubber for carbon black. On the basis of Green's observation (6) that the dispersion of zinc oxide which had previously flocculated in kerosene resulted in a pronounced softening of the mixture, Goodwin and Park (5) concluded that stearic acid has little effect upon the dispersion of carbon black in rubber. They pointed out that stearic acid has a slight softening action in uncured stock and in cured stock containing no zinc oxide, and that the addition of fatty acid to a stock containing no zinc oxide affects its physical properties adversely. Although they considered that these facts furnished slight indications of a dispersing effect by the stearic acid, these authors offered no convincing evidence of the dispersing effect of stearic acid on carbon black in rubber. For various reasons, including the fact that the plasticity of uncured black stocks is not materially affected by the presence of zinc stearate, Goodwin and Park also concluded that zinc stearate is not a dispersing agent for blacks. In fact, they postulated that the effect of zinc stearate, if any, is to decrease the wetting of the black by the medium and hence to cause flocculation. Since the combined addition of zinc oxide and stearic acid to a rubber-sulfur mix results in an improvement in properties, these investigators were finally led to the conclusion that the principal effect of these soap-forming agents in a carbon black stock is on the curing properties of the rubber itself rather than on the dispersion of the black.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

Ionic Crosslinking of Carboxylated SBR

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 942-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyosaku Sato
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
Ionic Crosslinking ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Ionic Bonds ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Ionic Crosslinks

Abstract 1. Ionic bonding of carboxylated SBR with zinc oxide is detectable by means of measurements of the temperature dependence of tan δ. There is an α peak in the region of 60°C at 3.5 Hz. The position and shape of the α peak are strongly dependent on the state of cure of the vulcanizates. Without permanent crosslinking, the α peak is a plateau; as the crosslink density increases, the α peak becomes sharper and shifts to lower temperatures. The presence of carbon black causes the α peak to shift to higher temperatures, regardless of the presence of permanent crosslinks. 2. Ionic bonds in carboxylated SBR reacted with zinc oxide are in the form of ion clusters which function as crosslinks at room temperature. The ionic crosslinks provide carboxylated SBR with high tensile strength in the absence of reinforcing fillers. The presence of carbon black causes the 300% modulus to increase. The ionic crosslinks are labile, and the strength is lost at moderately elevated temperatures. A mixed cure system consisting of both sulfur and zinc oxide provides higher heat resistance than either of the single cure systems.

Anodic Degradation of 2-Chlorophenol by Carbon Black Diamond and Activated Carbon Composite Electrodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Ajeel ◽  
Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua ◽  
Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Carbon Composite ◽  
Composite Electrodes

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MECHANOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF INGREDIENTS ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF RUBBER MIXTURES AND RUBBERS ON BASIS ОF 1,4-CIS-POLYISOPRENE

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Makarov ◽  
Elena L. Nikitina ◽  
Olga Yu. Solovyeva
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Mechanochemical Activation ◽  
Mechanochemical Treatment ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Magnetic Elements ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The effect of the mechanochemical treatment of components of the sulphurous vulcanizing group on the properties of rubber mixtures and rubbers on the basis of 1,4-cis-polyisopren, filled with carbon black N330, was investigated. The mechanochemical activation of the components was carried out by processing them in a device that is a reactor with magnetic elements and a coil of inductivity. When connecting the inductor to the electrical grid, the working elements are exposed to the magnetic field and began to move intensiocly way with the transfer of energy to powdered particles. The treatment of both individual components: zinc oxide, accelerators, and all components of the sulfur vulcanizing group leads to an increase in the rate and degree of structuring of rubber in the main vulcanization period and a decrease in the tendency of rubber to reverse in the postvulcanization stage. In this case the values of elasticity modules increase and mechanical losses in vulcanizates reduce as the temperature increases. Most of these changes in the properties of mixtures and rubbers are expressed in the processing of individual accelerators and together all components of the vulcanizing group. Storage of activated ingredients for 30 days does not lead to significant changes in the structure and properties of rubber mixtures and vulcanizates.

scholarly journals Physical-chemical Characterization of Nano-Zinc Oxide/Activated Carbon Composite for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-147
Author(s):  
Allwar Allwar ◽  
Asih Setyani ◽  
Ulul Sugesti ◽  
Khusna Afifah Fauzani
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Phenol Removal ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Oil Palm Shell ◽  
Nano Zinc Oxide ◽  
Nano Zinc

Oil palm shell was used as a precursor for preparation of activated carbon using different chemical activations (potassium hydroxide (KOH), zinc chloride (ZNCl2), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4)). Each activated carbons (AC) was mixed with nano-zinc oxide to form a composite. From the gas sorption analyzer, it is showed that nitrogen adsorption isotherms show Type II for ZnO/AC-KOH and ZnO/AC-ZnCl2 corresponding to the micro- and mesoporous structures, respectively. However, the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of ZnO/AC-H3PO4 exhibits the Type I with predominantly microporous structures. The SEM micrographs produced unsmooth surface and different pore sizes. The XRD patterns at 2θ of 25.06° and 26.75° were come from amorphous activated carbon. The peak intensity of ZnO was weak due to low concentration of zinc precursor. However, the ZnO of ZnO/AC-ZnCl2 showed strongly peak intensity. The effectiveness of the composites was examined for phenol removal determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer method. The equilibrium adsorption follows the Langmuir and Freundlich models according to the best correlation coefficient (R2). The kinetic model was only obtained for the pseudo-second-order with the best linearity of the correlation coefficient (R2). The results of this study showed that the oil palm shell has a great potential for ZnO/AC with excellent adsorptive property. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

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