Sex and Gender Equality Policies in Education in Three Southern European Societies: the cases of Andalusia and Valencian Community (Spain) and Portugal

Gender mainstreaming is an international strategy in Europe relating to gender equality using an intersectional approach. It deals, specifically, with new challenges for sexuality and diversity in education. From within this context, this paper focuses on two goals. The first is to analyse sex and gender equality policies in education, since the 2000s, in three Southern European societies: Andalusia and Valencian Community, in Spain, and Portugal. The second goal is to arrive at some comparative conclusions about the recent developments in sex and gender equality policies in education in these three societies. We end with some comparative conclusions. First, there is the political orientation of governments, which seems to be of relevance. Second, there are the policies and plans reviewed, which show a move from (binary) gender equality to a more inclusive gender equality that intersects with sexuality and diversity. Sexuality education, already available in Portugal, is still absent from Spanish schools. These three experiences can inform European public policies.

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Discourse analysis of gender equality and non-discrimination laws and strategies

Temida ◽

10.2298/tem1701095a ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 95-117

Author(s):

Zorana Antonijevic ◽

Kosana Beker

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Feminist Theory ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Mainstreaming ◽

Equal Treatment ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Gender Perspective ◽

Specific Policy ◽

The Law ◽

And Gender

Based on the contemporary research on gender and language, using the method of discourse analysis applied to the laws and policies, this article explains how certain linguistic practice, in the context of the administrative discourse, produces meaning that may or may not contribute to its better understanding and more efficient implementation. Through discourse analysis of gender equality and non-discrimination laws and strategies in Serbia, it has been shown how and with what consequences the socio-political and academic elites affect defining and promoting certain concepts (gender, sex, gender equality, discrimination) in one social and historical moment. The paper is placed in the theoretical framework of three visions of gender equality: perspective of equal treatment, women?s perspectives and gender perspective (Booth, Bennett 2002), that are corresponding to the three strategies for achieving gender equality: equal treatment, specific policy of gender equality and gender mainstreaming (Verloo, 2001). The discourse analysis of the Law on Gender Equality (2009), the National Strategy for the Improvement of the Position of Women and Advancement of Gender Equality (2009), the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination (2009) and the Strategy for Prevention and Protection against Discrimination (2013), has shown the context of use and meaning of terms gender and sex, as well as implications it has on their potential to change the existing paradigms and understanding of gender equality, and the implementation of policies in Serbia. Analysis of the use of terms sex and gender in the most important legal and strategic documents for achieving gender equality, showed that the choice of certain categories and terms is always a political choice. The authors show how these documents are written in the key of two gender perspectives and strategies: equal treatment and the specific policy of gender equality, while the third - introduction of a gender perspective and gender mainstreaming is almost not mentioned, although it is consider to have the greatest potential for transformation of existing patterns of power and hierarchy in society (Booth, Bennett, 2002; Verloo 2005; Walby, 2011). While it is clear that neither laws nor strategies can reflect the complete corpus of knowledge and ideology of gender equality and feminist theory, it is essential that they, at the discourse level, act as a source of new knowledge and understanding of these concepts. Better connection between these documents and the contemporary feminist theory, the use of knowledge accumulated within gender studies, as well as their consistent linguistic and terminological compatibility and innovation, would contribute to a better understanding of concepts, terminology and knowledge of gender equality among the general public.

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Best practice in sex and gender equality policy and training within research funding: Lessons and transfer of knowledge

STEM Gender Equality Congress Proceedings ◽

10.21820/25150774.2017.1.4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 60-116

Author(s):

Cara Tannenbaum

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Research Funding ◽

Best Practice ◽

Transfer Of Knowledge ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Equality Policy ◽

And Training

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Assessing gender mainstreaming in the education sector: depoliticised technique or a step towards women’s rights and gender equality?

Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education ◽

10.1080/03057925.2010.490358 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 389-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Elaine Unterhalter ◽

Amy North

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Women's Rights ◽

Education Sector ◽

Gender Mainstreaming ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

And Gender

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Gender mainstreaming and gender equality in the EU: the impact of the EU employment strategy

Industrial Relations Journal ◽

10.1111/1468-2338.00250 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 500-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Jill Rubery

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Mainstreaming ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

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Gender Equality in the Republic of Macedonia: Between Tradition and Gender Mainstreaming Policies

Gender (In)equality and Gender Politics in Southeastern Europe ◽

10.1057/9781137449924_7 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 126-146

Author(s):

Mileva Gjurovska

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Mainstreaming ◽

Republic Of Macedonia ◽

The Republic ◽

And Gender

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Gender, gestation and ectogenesis: self-determination for pregnant people ahead of artificial wombs

Journal of Medical Ethics ◽

10.1136/medethics-2020-106156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (11) ◽

pp. 787-788

Author(s):

Claire Horn

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Social Practices ◽

The Body ◽

Self Determination ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Biological Approach ◽

Political Perspective ◽

Ways Of Thinking ◽

And Gender

AbstractIn this short response, I agree with Cavaliere’s recent invitation to consider ectogenesis, the process of gestation occurring outside the body, as a political perspective and provocation to building a world in which reproductive and care labour are more justly distributed. But I argue that much of the literature Cavaliere addresses in which scholars argue that artificial wombs may produce greater gender equality has the limitation of taking a fixed, binary and biological approach to sex and gender. I argue that in taking steps toward the possibility of more just practices of caregiving and family making, we must look first not to artificial womb technologies but to addressing the ways that contemporary legal and social practices that enforce essentialising, binary ways of thinking about reproductive bodies inhibit this goal.

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Introduction

Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality in Europe ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447317692.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Vera Lomazzi ◽

Isabella Crespi

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Mainstreaming ◽

The European Union ◽

European Policy ◽

Local Implementation ◽

Gender Culture ◽

Socioeconomic Changes ◽

Political Configuration ◽

And Gender

The introductory chapter aims at presenting the most important aspects of the book exploring the European policy strategy for gender equality, known as gender mainstreaming. The book focuses on the historical and socioeconomic changes in Europe regarding gender mainstreaming strategy and gender equality as a concept, while previous contributions focused only on specific aspects (legislation, economy, and politics).Furthermore, the connection between the institutional level of policymaking and the local implementation of European laws in the field of gender equality is an innovative issue because that was not so often connected with the topic of the gender culture of European societies or with their individual opinions/attitudes on gender roles. Lastly, the book explores innovative intersections between the fields of gender policies and survey research in order to investigate how GM policies affect regional gender cultures. In this way the issue of gender mainstreaming is observed as an ‘evergreen’ topicin the context of the changing beliefs, social structure, economics and political configuration of the European Union from the beginning till now, and with some critical points to be addressed for the future (such as economic crises, migration and integration process).

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In Favor of the 2019 Equality Act: A Comment on Burt

Feminist Criminology ◽

10.1177/1557085121991336 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 155708512199133

Author(s):

Susan Gluck Mezey

Keyword(s):

Gender Identity ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Legal Theory ◽

Sex Discrimination ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Federal Law ◽

Biological Sex ◽

And Gender

There are three reason why I disagree with the author’s premise that 2019 Equality Act disadvantages women by blurring the distinction between sex and gender identity. First, it ignores current legal theory and practice that sex discrimination encompasses gender identity discrimination in federal law; second, it has not made a sufficient case that the Act’s interpretation of sex would harm women; third, it incorrectly assumes gender equality in the workplace can be achieved while sex-segregated spaces remain segregated by biological sex. In sum, revising the Equality Act to exempt women’s spaces would sacrifice the principle of gender equality upon which the Act is based.

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