scholarly journals How Far Can We Go with Medically Assisted Reproduction? (Comments to the Conclusions of the National Advisory Committee on Ethics)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-122
Author(s):  
Bruno Saintôt ◽  

One of France’s leading bioethics experts discusses the debate around assisted reproductive technologies, in particular, the issue of legal access to such technologies for single women and same-sex female couples. The author offers his detailed — and mostly critical — commentary on the advisory documents, issued by the “National Ethics Advisory Committee”, a special body created to publicly discuss issues of bioethics legislation. (In August 2020, three years after the publication of this article, the French National Assembly approved the new version of the Law on Bioethics that was discussed in this paper).

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 39-41
Author(s):  
Ksenia A. Zhirikova ◽  

The article deals with the problems of inheritance by children born with the help of assisted reproductive technologies, in particular, after a surrogate mother, after the death of one of the parents, etc. These problems are not regulated in Russian legislation. The article proposes directions for its improvement in order to protect a child born with the help of assisted reproduction.


Author(s):  
Lois Harder

Abstract Drawing primarily from the Canadian case, this paper explores the process of birthright citizenship determination for children born abroad through the use of assisted reproductive technologies. The determination of parentage is central to these cases, raising issues of how parental status is defined in the law—through biology, intentionality, and/or matrimony. Moreover, the complexities of defining who is a child and who is a parent, in order to determine who is a citizen, reveal fundamental contradictions in the consent-based model of liberal citizenship.


2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86
Author(s):  
Timothy F. Murphy

For many commentators in bioethics and the law, safety is the fulcrum for evaluating the ethics of human reproductive cloning. Carson Strong has argued that if cloning were effective and safe it should be available to married couples who have tried to have children through various assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) but been unable to do so. On his view, cloning should be available only as reproductive last resort. I challenged that limited use by trying to show that the arguments Strong adduces in favor of reproductive somatic nuclear transfer (SNT) for married couples extend to same-sex couples as well, who face a different kind of infertility. I also went on to argue that his justifications would in fact extend the legitimate use of SNT to any couples regardless of whether they had fertility difficulties or not.


2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini

Il contributo propone all’attenzione il II Rapporto sull’applicazione della legge italiana in materia di “procreazione medicalmente assistita” (PMA) (Legge 40/2004), elaborato nell’aprile 2009 all’indomani della quarta relazione ministeriale del 25 marzo 2009 sullo stesso tema. La particolarità del presente Rapporto consiste nell’indagare su uno dei due obiettivi della legge 40/2004: tutelare il diritto alla vita del concepito. Infatti, mentre è alta la concentrazione sull’obiettivo di “superare la sterilità e la infertilità”, lo scopo di difendere il diritto alla vita del concepito considerato dalla stessa legge “soggetto” al pari degli altri soggetti coinvolti nelle procedure di PMA, è troppo spesso dimenticato. Il Rapporto vuole proprio rimediare a tale dimenticanza e si chiede: di quanti nuovi esseri umani è stata evitata la distruzione per effetto della legge? Poiché, come si legge nel contributo, è chiaro che le tecniche di PMA per il fatto stesso di procreare “in vitro” espongono alla morte gli embrioni anche quando vengono trasferiti nelle vie genitali della donna (ed è questa, infatti, una delle principali riserve etiche nei confronti delle tecniche di PMA), l’indagine si occupa solo di vedere come è stato tutelato il diritto alla vita degli embrioni non trasferiti, cioè non destinati alla nascita, dalla Legge 40/2004. Emerge che l’effetto più benefico della legge è quello di aver evitato nel solo triennio 2005-2006-2007 la possibile formazione soprannumeraria di embrioni e la conseguente possibile distruzione, diretta o dovuta alla crioconservazione, di oltre 120.000 embrioni. La seconda parte della ricerca è condotta confrontando anche i dati di altri Paesi europei e dimostra che il rispetto dei limiti posti a tutela del diritto alla vita hanno anche garantito meglio la salute della donna e non hanno diminuito la percentuale del “successo”. Come è noto la recente sentenza n. 151/2009 della Corte Costituzionale ha gravemente compromesso la legge proprio nel punto di maggiore sensibilità nei confronti della tutela concreta del diritto alla vita del concepito. L’auspicio è che i dati raccolti in questo II rapporto vengano comunque presi in seria considerazione. ---------- The contribution proposes the II Report of April 2009 on the application of the Italian Law on “medically assisted reproduction” (PMA) (Law 40/2004). The peculiarity of the present Report consists of investigating one of the two purposes of the Law 40/2004: to protect the right to life of newborns. In fact, if, on one hand, attention to the purpose of “overcoming sterility and infertility” the Law considers, on the other hand the purpose of defending the right to life of newborn, that is considered as “subject” just like the others subjects involved in PMA procedures from the same law, is too often forgotten. The Report intends to remedy for this forgetfulness and it asks: how many new human beings have been saved thanks to the Law? It makes clear that the most beneficent effect of the Law is that, in the period 2005-2007, it has avoided the possible production of excess embryos and the consequent possible suppression – direct or due to the cryoconservation – of over 120.000 embryos. The second part of the search is conducted also comparing data of other European Countries and it shows that the respect of the imposed limits for protecting the right to life has also guaranteed the woman’s health and it has not reduced the outcome percentage.


Sexual Health ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Michelle Giles ◽  
Anne Mijch ◽  
Suzanne Garland

Many HIV-infected individuals are in relationships with HIV-uninfected partners and desire to have children. This review focuses on the issue of reproductive choices for these couples, in particular assisted reproductive technologies, and summarises the published outcome data currently available. The results thus far from assisted reproductive technologies in optimising pregnancy outcomes and reducing heterosexual and perinatal HIV transmission are promising. In the future, it is essential that there is ongoing reporting of outcome data, publication of methodology and follow-up, and reporting of adverse outcomes.


2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (29) ◽  
pp. 4775-4782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Offit ◽  
Kelly Kohut ◽  
Bartholt Clagett ◽  
Eve A. Wadsworth ◽  
Kelly J. Lafaro ◽  
...  

Purpose Because of increasing uptake of cancer genetic testing and the improving survival of young patients with cancer, health care practitioners including oncologists will increasingly be asked about options for assisted reproduction by members of families affected by hereditary cancer syndromes. Among these reproductive options, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) offers the opportunity to select embryos without familial cancer-predisposing mutations. Methods A review of the published literature supplemented by a survey of PGD centers in the United States. Results Prenatal diagnosis and/or embryo selection after genetic testing has already been performed in the context of more than a dozen familial cancer syndromes, including the common syndromes of genetic predisposition to colon and breast cancer. Conclusion While constituting new reproductive options for families affected by cancer, the medical indications and ethical acceptance of assisted reproductive technologies for adult-onset cancer predisposition syndromes remain to be defined. Continued discussion of the role of PGD in the reproductive setting is needed to inform the responsible use of these technologies to decrease the burden of heritable cancers.


2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Nelson

Lawyers (and others) tend to look to the law to resolve disputes and to create certainty about the rights and responsibilities of parties to relationships. There is a particularly acute need for certainty in the context of global trade in surrogacy services, both because of the number of parties who may be involved in creating familial relationships and because of the vulnerabilities created as a result of surrogacy arrangements. Participants in the Global Health Challenges conference (on which this special issue is based) were invited to consider to what extent law is implicated in global health challenges — both in terms of how law might help to resolve the challenges, and (as is particularly of interest in international surrogacy), how law might contribute to or create these challenges.


2018 ◽  
pp. 357-367
Author(s):  
Gordana Kovacek-Stanic

In the paper ?Availability of the assisted reproductive technologies in the region of former Yugoslav countries?, author analyzes laws in: Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia. There are two elements with the impact to availability of ART: who the subjects are (spouses, heterosexual partners, same-sex partners, woman without partner) and which procedures are regulated. For instance, surrogate motherhood is regulated only in Macedonia in present time. In addition, author analyzes regulation of the donation of the genetic material (sperm, ova, embryo) and posthumous fertilization in all mentioned countries.


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