scholarly journals Simultaneous models for accounting policy optimization of stock corporations according to German commercial law

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Christian Freidank ◽  
Remmer Sassen
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Deferred Taxes ◽  
Corporation Law ◽  
Supervisory Boards ◽  
Policy Optimization ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Stock Corporation ◽  
Accounting Policy

The paper presents simultaneous models for accounting policy optimization of stock corporations according to German commercial law. In particular, we illustrate the integration into the optimization models of effective income tax, deferred taxes, remuneration principles for members of management boards and supervisory boards under stock corporation law, parameters for the distribution of profits, and key indicators of the annual financial statements. The models are useful to design optimal financial statements in line with the targets of the company

scholarly journals Using matrix models for simultaneous tax planning and accounting policy optimization within the German legal area

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 848-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Christian Freidank ◽  
Irina Bauer ◽  
Remmer Sassen
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Models ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Tax Planning ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Deferred Taxes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Commercial Accounting ◽  
Policy Optimization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Accounting Policy

Matrix models have been developed in order to plan and control the effects of complex interrelationships as well as to prepare for and make optimum decisions. For the purpose of tax planning, our investigations focus particularly on simultaneous analyses of the effects and structure of corporate tax, trade tax, deferred taxes, and performance indicators within the German legal area. In addition, the models can also be useful in accounting policy optimization when taking into account the amendments to the German authoritative principle that tax accounting should be based on commercial accounting

Der Rechtsanwalt als Aufsichtsratsmitglied

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Frederik Bühren
Keyword(s):  
Legal Issues ◽  
Corporation Law ◽  
Supervisory Boards ◽  
Professional Law ◽  
Approval Procedure ◽  
German Stock ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Stock Corporation ◽  
Academic Debate

This study examines the work of lawyers on supervisory boards in public limited companies. It is the first to investigate all the relevant legal issues in this respect, particularly with regard to consultancy agreements, from both a stock corporation law and a professional law perspective, the latter of which has been neglected in the academic debate on this subject to date. Firstly, the author presents the particular demands on lawyers on supervisory boards in detail before focusing on consultancy agreements according to § 114 of the German Stock Corporation Act (AktG). In addition to examining the requirements for drafting such agreements, he discusses, among other things, both the approval procedure in this respect and how framework contracts are dealt with, critically questioning jurisprudential positions and developing practical solutions. Moreover, he analyses all the constellations in which the scope of application of § 114 of the AktG could be broadened from both a stock corporation law and a professional law perspective.

scholarly journals The essence of temporary differences under the conditions of changes in RSA 18/02 and convergence with IAS 12 “Income taxes” and their impact on the financial statements

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (26) ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Liudmila B. Trofimova ◽  
Natalia A. Prodanova ◽  
Sara A. Nudel ◽  
Vadim A. Dikikh ◽  
Natalia V. Savina
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Consolidated Financial Statements ◽  
Deferred Taxes ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Tax Payments

The article examines the latest changes in RSA 18/02 "Accounting for corporate income tax payments", adopted by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The new version of the Regulation comes into effect since January 01, 2020. As a result of the study, the authors revealed a convergence of Russian standards for determining temporary differences and deferred taxes, and at the same time indicated differences that still remained, and also assessed the existing differences. The authors considered it appropriate to systematize new principles for calculating deferred income taxes. For clarity, the definitions of current tax, net profit and other concepts, calculations of current tax and income tax expenses are presented in the form of formulas that can be easily compared with a previously existing methodology. The results of the study can be used when transforming financial statements, as well as in the construction of the consolidated financial statements generated in Russia in accordance with the requirements of IFRS, since the latest amendments in RSA 18/02 include the calculation of income tax for members of a consolidated group of taxpayers.

Analyzing the accuracy of bank reliability assessment based on official reporting

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-348
Author(s):  
O.I. Razumova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Reliability Assessment ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Rating Agencies ◽  
Short Term Forecasting ◽  
One Year ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Correct Forecast

Subject. The article considers ratings of banks' reliability. Objectives. The aim is to evaluate the accuracy of existing methodology for bank reliability assessment based on official reporting, to identify patterns between indicators and factors that can affect the financial sustainability of a bank. Methods. The study draws on the comparative analysis of key indicators of bank's financial statements one year prior to the introduction of provisional administration, and evaluates the results of existing methods for analyzing the financial standing of banks. Results. The findings show that those methods that use only official reporting to assess the reliability of banks are not sufficient for short-term forecasting of financial stability. Ratings of the majority of agencies that rest on official reporting have a high percentage of erroneous results, therefore, rating agencies are not able to predict the regulator's decisions regarding a credit institution. Conclusions. Currently, there are no universal methods to determine reliability, which would provide a correct forecast of deteriorated financial position of the bank. It is important to use a systems approach, where financial reporting is not a key component.

Assessment of changes in the application of the accounting regulation pbu 18/02 “Аccounting for income tax calculations” since 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-24
Author(s):  
Irina Selezneva ◽  
Irina Selezneva ◽  
Elena Shlyapnikova
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Current Income ◽  
Accounting Regulation ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Tax Payers

The article assesses the changes made by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 20.11.2018 No. 236n v PBU 18/02 “Accounting for settlements with the budget for income tax”. The application of the new norms of PBU 18/02 is mandatory for corporate income tax payers with accounting (financial) statements for 2020. The essence of the problem is that the updated PBU 18/02 contains new concepts, new calculations of indicators necessary for reflection in accounting and accounting (financial) statements. The article consists of six parts, beginning with an introduction and ending with conclusions. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the study. At the beginning of the article, the purpose and objectives of the research are defined, as well as the materials, methods and conditions for conducting the research. The results of the study and their discussion are presented below. In the article, the authors highlight the problem of transition from the previously existing norms of PBU 18/02 to the new norms applied from 2020. The main part compares the concepts and indicators used in 2019 and 2020 in accordance with the requirements of PBU 18/02. The article also addresses the issues of evaluating work in progress in accordance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts in the field of accounting and taxation. The procedure for applying the norms of PBU 18/02 is shown on a specific example and the calculation procedures made that justify the occurrence of temporary differences that lead to the recognition of deferred income tax, as well as conditional income tax expense and current income tax on the accounting accounts. For clarity and comparison, the indicators for the application of PBU 18/02 in 2019 and 2020 are presented in the tables. In addition, the tables show the schemes of accounting transactions for accounting calculations with the budget for income tax in two ways to determine the current income tax: based on accounting data and based on tax Declaration data. Having considered a specific example of the procedure for applying the norms of PBU 18/02 in the version up to 2020 and in the current version from 2020, the authors conclude that changes in the procedure for identifying temporary differences do not mean a change in their value and the value of net profit

Accounting for Employee Stock Options

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kirschenheiter ◽  
Rohit Mathur ◽  
Jacob K. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Stock Options ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Stock Option ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Employee Stock Options ◽  
Deferred Taxes ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Option Values ◽  
The Common

Accounting for employee stock options is affected by whether outstanding options are viewed as equity or liabilities. The common perception is that the FASB's recommended treatment (per SFAS No. 123), which is based on the options-as-equity view, results in representative financial statements. We argue that this treatment distorts performance measures for three reasons. First, the deferred taxes associated with nonqualified options should also be included as equity, but are not. Second, since unexpected share price changes affect optionholders and equityholders differently, combining their interests provides an average earnings effect that is not representative for either group. We show that efforts to isolate the interests of common stockholders via diluted earning per share calculations (per SFAS No. 128) are inherently incapable of identifying wealth transfers between stockholders and optionholders. Finally, projections of future cash flow statements prepared under SFAS No. 95 overstate cash flows to current equityholders by the pretax value of projected option grants. We show that these distortions can be avoided simply by accounting for options as liabilities at grant and thereafter recognizing changes in option values (similar to the accounting for stock appreciation rights). Our analysis of stock option accounting leads to two, more general implications: (1) all securities other than common shares should be treated as liabilities, thereby simplifying the equity versus liability distinction, and (2) these liabilities should be recorded at fair values, thereby obviating the need to consider earnings dilution.

Geschäftsleiterbinnenhaftung in Großvereinen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Leopold Nußbaum
Keyword(s):  
Supervisory Board ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Corporate Board ◽  
Corporation Law ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Practical Analysis ◽  
Stock Corporation

The internal liability of managers of large associations is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of their growing economic importance, especially considering the stricter compliance obligations. The book develops de lege lata with the help of corporate principles a liability regime for board members and association managers with and without corporate board positions that is in line with common interests. At the same time, the author uses a practical analysis of various association structures to indicate the problems that exist in the realization of liability and recommends de lege ferenda for a mandatory supervisory board for large associations based on the model of stock corporation law. The work addresses equally academics and legal practice as well as the associations themselves.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI ASET TETAP BERDASARKAN PSAK NO. 16 PADA HOTEL ARVIEL GORONTALO

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 399
Author(s):  
Vionalisa Chandra ◽  
Ventje Ilat ◽  
Meily Y. B. Kalalo
Keyword(s):  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Fixed Asset ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Accounting Policy

Assets remain the most important part in supporting the company's operational activities, especially for companies engaged in the hotel industry. Therefore, it is necessary to have an appropriate fixed asset accounting policy in accordance with PSAK No. 16. This study aims to determine how the recognition, measurement, and presentation of accounting for fixed assets based on PSAK No. 16 at the Arviel Gorontalo Hotel. This study uses qualitative approach that compares the actual situation with relevant theories related to the problem. The data obtained is the result of interviews and documentation. Analysis is done by comparing the financial statements of the Arviel Gorontalo Hotel with PSAK No. 16. The results show that the Arviel Hotel Gorontalo has not fully implemented the accounting for fixed assets in accordance with PSAK No. 16.

Adoption of IFRS in Brazil and the Consequences to Accounting Education

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Nelson Carvalho ◽  
Bruno M. Salotti
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Accounting Education ◽  
Consolidated Financial Statements ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Safe Path

ABSTRACT: Brazil is a rare case of a complete adoption of IFRS, not only for consolidated financial statements, but also for the individual ones. Very few countries dared to converge their accounting standards toward IFRS in the company-only financial statements, probably afraid of the tax or dividends impact. Brazil made the ambitious move, changing the Company law and altering the income tax legislation in such a way that a safe path was built to bridge from the old BR GAAP standards to IFRS.

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