scholarly journals A Salmonella-related foodborne outbreak in a snack bar in Jeju Province: an epidemiological investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Eun-Suk Cho ◽  
Seung Hyuk Lee ◽  
Jong-Myon Bae
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Phone Calls

Many people reported suspected food poisoning after consuming food at the same snack bar on June 18, 2020. Thus, an in-depth epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the infectious agent and establish additional food poisoning prevention measures. The study included people who reported to the local public health center after June 18 with acute gastroenteritis symptoms within 4 days of consuming food from the snack bar. The onset of symptoms and food items consumed by individuals were then investigated via phone calls and on-site visits. Afterward, the infectious agent was identified from human samples (stool or rectal swab) of four restaurant employees and 89 people and from environmental samples (materials, cooking utensils, and water). The analysis revealed that the incubation period ranged from 2 hours to 92 hours, with a median and mode of 16 hours and 12 hours, respectively. Moreover, the epidemic curve had a unimodal shape because of common exposure, which reached its peak on June 18. After monitoring for 8 days, which is more than twice the maximum incubation period of 92 hours, the end of the epidemic was declared on June 28 as no additional cases were reported. Analysis of human and environmental samples revealed Salmonella bareilly of the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pulsotype SAPX01.017 as the causative agent. Therefore, it was concluded that the food poisoning outbreak was caused by S. bareilly.

scholarly journals The Food poisoning outbreak caused by diarrhoeal Bacillus Cereus in Tegalkenongo Village, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelius Son
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Adjusted Risk Ratio ◽  
Causative Agents

Background: On May, 13 2019, a food poisoning outbreak of diarrhoeal B. cereus associated with contaminated chicken satay occurred in Tegalkenongo village involving villagers after attending mass iftar in a mosque. Health office of Bantul District revealed two attendances were hospitalized in the hospital of PKU Muhammadiyah after consuming food served during mass iftar. Based on the information, we immediately conducted an epidemiological investigation to make sure of the existence of the outbreak. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the causative agents, source of food poisoning and mode of food poisoning transmission in Tegalkenongo Village. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was used in the epidemiological investigation during one week from 13 May 2019 – 20 May 2019. Results: Based on the investigation, Of the 303 villagers involved in the event, 188 villagers were ill with the median age of cases was 38 years old, the average incubation period was 8 hours, and the predominate symptoms were diarrhea (93.62%), nausea (84.57%), and abdominal cramps (64.89%). Contaminated chicken satay was determined as the source of contamination with adjusted Risk Ratio (aRR) was 4.36; 95% CI 1.1538, 16.5285. Initial epidemiological features and cultures from food items served in the event and stool sample of one patient suggested that the causative agent was Bacillus Cereus which was supported by Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Conclusion: Based on the field investigation result related to symptoms and incubation period and laboratory identification, we conclude that the causative agent was diarrhoeal B. cereus. Keywords: Food poisoning, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae

scholarly journals Changing patterns of Salmonella serovars: increase of Salmonella Enteritidis in São Paulo, Brazil

1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. Tavechio ◽  
S.A. Fernandes ◽  
B.C. Neves ◽  
A.M.G. Dias ◽  
K. Irino
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Human Infections

Serovars of a total of 5,490 Salmonella strains isolated during the period of 1991-95, from human infections (2,254 strains) and from non-human materials (3,236 strains) were evaluated. In the studied period, 81 different serovars were determined among human isolates. Salmonella Enteritidis corresponded to 1.2% in 1991, 2% in 1992, 10.1% in 1993, 43.3% in 1994, and 64.9% in 1995 of all isolates. A significant rise on the isolation of this serovar was seen since 1993 linked to food poisoning outbreaks. It is reported also an increase on the isolation of S. Enteritidis from blood cultures, associated mainly with patients with immunodeficiency syndrome. S. Enteritidis was prevalent among one hundred and thirty different serovars isolated from non-human sources. Increasing number of isolation of this serovar was seen from shell eggs, breeding flocks and from environmental samples. It is also reported a contamination of commercial feed stuffs by S. Enteritidis which represents a major concern for Brazilian poultry industry.

scholarly journals Does incubation period of COVID-19 vary with age? A study of epidemiologically linked cases in Singapore

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Y. T. Tan ◽  
L. Y. Wong ◽  
Y. S. Leo ◽  
M. P. H. S. Toh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Elderly Person ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Positive Case ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Close Contacts

Abstract This study estimates the incubation period of COVID-19 among locally transmitted cases, and its association with age to better inform public health measures in containing COVID-19. Epidemiological data of all PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases from all restructured hospitals in Singapore were collected between 23 January 2020 and 2 April 2020. Activity mapping and detailed epidemiological investigation were conducted by trained personnel. Positive cases without clear exposure to another positive case were excluded from the analysis. One hundred and sixty-four cases (15.6% of patients) met the inclusion criteria during the defined period. The crude median incubation period was 5 days (range 1–12 days) and median age was 42 years (range 5–79 years). The median incubation period among those 70 years and older was significantly longer than those younger than 70 years (8 vis-à-vis 5 days, P = 0.040). Incubation period was negatively correlated with day of illness in both groups. These findings support current policies of 14-day quarantine periods for close contacts of confirmed cases and 28 days for monitoring infections in known clusters. An elderly person who may have a longer incubation period than a younger counterpart may benefit from earlier and proactive testing, especially after exposure to a positive case.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of the first 100 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, a city with a stringent containment policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1096-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K C Lai ◽  
Rita W Y Ng ◽  
Martin C S Wong ◽  
Ka Chun Chong ◽  
Yun Kit Yeoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Government Information ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Containment Policy ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Hong Kong (HK) is a densely populated city near the epicentre of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Stringent border control together with aggressive case finding, contact tracing, social distancing and quarantine measures were implemented to halt the importation and spread of the virus. Methods We performed an epidemiological study using government information covering the first 100 confirmed cases to examine the epidemic curve, incidence, clusters, reproduction number (Rt), incubation period and time to containment. Results A total of 93 of the 100 cases were HK residents (6 infected in Mainland China, 10 on the Diamond Princess Cruise). Seven were visitors infected in Mainland China before entering HK. The majority (76%) were aged ≥45 years, and the incidence increased with age (P < 0.001). Escalation of border control measures correlated with a decrease in the proportion (62.5% to 0%) of cases imported from Mainland China, and a reduction in Rt (1.07 to 0.75). The median incubation period was 4.2 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.0–4.5; 5th and 95th percentiles: 1.3 and 14.0). Most clusters with identifiable epidemiological links were households involving 2–4 people. Three medium-spreading events were identified: two from New Year gatherings (6–11 people), and another from environmental contamination of a worship hall (12 people). Despite intensified contact tracing, containment was delayed in 78.9% of cases (mean = 5.96 days, range = 0–24 days). An unusual transmission in a multi-storey building via faulty toilet plumbing was suspected with >100 residents evacuated overnight. Our analysis indicated that faulty plumbing was unlikely to be the source of this transmission. Conclusion Timely stringent containment policies minimized the importation and transmission of COVID-19 in HK.

scholarly journals Maximum incubation period for COVID-19 infection: do we need to rethink the 14-day quarantine policy?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Bikbov ◽  
Alexander Bikbov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Recent Policy ◽  
Isolation Period ◽  
Infection Spread

Manuscript presents the shortcomings of the widely accepted 14 days maximal incubation period for COVID-19 infection. We listed the accumulating published data which indicate substantially longer incubation period up to 32 days (in some studies more than 14 days incubation period was registered in more than 5% of patients with traced contacts), and recent policy requirements in some Chinese provinces to increase the mandatory isolation period over the 14 days for travelers coming from countries with rising epidemic curve. The data summarized in our comment could lead to substantial changes in global policy to minimize the risks of further infection spread and have important implications to the public health.

scholarly journals A national outbreak ofSalmonella typhimuriumDT 124 caused by contaminated salami sticks

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Cowden ◽  
M. O'Mahony ◽  
C. L. R. Bartlett ◽  
B. Rana ◽  
B. Smyth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Bloody Diarrhoea ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Medical Microbiology

SUMMARYAn outbreak ofSalmonella typhimuriumDT 124 infection which affected 101 people in England in December 1987 and January 1988 was detected through surveillance of laboratory reports from medical microbiology laboratories of the NHS and PHLS. Within 1 week of noting the increase in reports, epidemiological and microbiological investigations identified a small German salami stick as the vehicle of infection and the product was withdrawn from sale. The epidemiological investigation highlighted the occurrence of a long incubation period, bloody diarrhoea. Prompt recognition and investigation of the outbreak prevented further cases of severe infection.

scholarly journals COVID-19 outbreak: How the public health network could function better in disseminating information and instruction for action: Lessons learned

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Roberta Marković ◽  
Čedomir Šagrić ◽  
Aleksandar Višnjić ◽  
Miodrag Stojanović ◽  
Aleksandra Ignjatović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Health Network ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The priority for the period of COVID-19 outbreak was to provide fast, well-timed dissemination of information to the general population (especially vulnerable groups) as well to health professionals and professionals from other areas of public life (police, army, local governments, education, and the business sector) on behavior change and prevention measures, in terms of guidance for the current epidemiological situation. At the Public Health Institute Niš, Serbia, we directed activities relying primarily on formal intervention approaches, WHO guidance and on information and knowledge gained at the April 2019 WHO "Emergency Risk Communication training and plan-writing workshop" in Belgrade/Serbia. To define the advantages and disadvantages of the applied method for dissemination of information, we followed the reporting guidance contained in Duncan E and colleagues', Guidance for reporting intervention development studies in health research (GUIDED). Guidelines for treatment and recommendations were disseminated through standard communication channels. A local public health network with a large number of partners from the governmental and non-governmental sector, established in recent years, was a kind of channel for dissemination of materials. We realized that formal intervention approaches should be rapidly improved by better mapping of all population groups, by modern ways of communication, by urgent introduction of digital communication channels such as telemedicine, smart phone engagement and internet applications, in order to educate and exchange information more efficiently and quickly, especially in crisis situations such as COVID-19 epidemics/pandemics.

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