scholarly journals Determinants of differences in the activity budgets of Rhinopithecus bieti by age/sex class at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan nature reserve, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Li ◽  
Dayong Li ◽  
Baoping Ren ◽  
Jie Hu ◽  
Baoguo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Rhinopithecus Bieti ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
In The Wild

Ecological factors are known to influence the activity budgets of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). However, little is known about how activity budgets vary between age/sex classes, because the species is difficult to observe in the wild. This study provides the first detailed activity budgets subdivided by age/sex classes based on observations of the largest habituated group at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve. This study was conducted from June 2008 to May 2009. We found that adult females spent more time feeding (44.8%) than adult males (39.5%), juveniles (39.1%), and infants (14.2%). Adult males allocated more time to miscellaneous activities (12.5%) than did adult females (3.8%). Infants were being groomed 6.9% of the time, which was the highest proportion among all age/sex classes. Adults spent more time feeding, while immature individuals allocated more time to moving and other activities. There are several reasons activity budgets may vary by age/sex class: 1) differential reproductive investment between males and females; 2) developmental differences among the age categories; 3) social relationships between members of different age/sex classes, particularly dominance. In addition, group size and adult sex ratio may also impact activity budgets. These variations in activity budgets among the different age/sex classes may become a selective pressure that shapes the development and growth pattern in this species. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS160112009E">10.2298/ABS160112009E</a><u></b></font>

scholarly journals Terrestrial behavior and use of forest strata in a group of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu, Tibet

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuofu Xiang ◽  
Sheng Huo ◽  
Wen Xiao ◽  
Ruichang Quan ◽  
Cyril C. Grueter
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Rhinopithecus Bieti ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Forest Strata

Abstract Food distribution and predation pressure are considered to be the main ecological factors that influence the use of forest strata (basically arboreality vs. terrestriality) in non-human primates. Here, we investigate ground use of wild, unprovisioned black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti by means of the scan sampling method. The results show that the monkeys spent 15.0% of the day time on the ground; 16.6%, 12.7%, and 15.6% for adult males, adult females and juveniles, respectively. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes showed significantly higher rates of terrestrial time than adult females. Females without clinging infants spent significantly more time on the ground than expected, while females with clinging infants spent significantly less time on the ground than expected. These results suggest that the higher degree of terrestrial behavior for males and juveniles may be due to their higher agility in comparison with females. Our study showed that the monkeys fed more on lichens relative to other food items when in the trees, but more on buds/leaves, flowers, fruits/nuts, resin/bark, and herbs when on the ground. According to our investigation, the ecological significance of the species’ terrestriality lies mainly in the utilization of terrestrial food resources.

scholarly journals Activity budgets in a group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Li
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Seasonal Forests

Abstract We examined time allocation by Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana in the montane, temperate and highly seasonal forests of the Shennongjia Nature Reserve in China, in order to improve our understanding of the ecological and social influences on monkey behavior. We collected data on activity budgets in relation to food availability in a group of monkeys from July 2003 to September 2004 (except February 2004), using instantaneous scan samples. The monkeys spent 36.21% of daytime moving (n = 2l, 269 records), 24.39% foraging, 9.33% inactive, 11.7% performing social behaviors, and 18.38% performing other behaviors. There were seasonal and annual variations in the proportions of time devoted to some activities. These variations were largely attributed to seasonal or annual fluctuations in the distribution and quality of food resources. Adult males spent more time moving, searching, and displaying other behaviors' but less time feeding and performing social behaviors than adult females. Adults performed other behaviors more often and moving less often than juveniles. These differences in activity budgets may reflect fundamental differences in reproductive biology, parental investment, and development among the different age/sex classes.

Variation in the social calls of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Calls ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Little Brown Bats

The social calls of 14 Myotis lucifugus (5 adult males; 5 adult females; 2 subadult males; 2 subadult females) produced under controlled conditions were more variable than echolocation calls made by hunting individuals in the wild. The social calls contained lower frequencies and in some cases were of longer duration than the echolocation calls. Careful examination of sound spectrographs of the calls indicated tremendous variability in details of frequency and time. Although several types of calls can be recognized, a discrete classification is not feasible because of the variability. The possible significance of the variation in the calls of these bats is discussed in the context of recognition of individuals by their vocalizations.

scholarly journals Differences in the Activity Budgets of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) by Age-Sex Class at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Li ◽  
Dayong Li ◽  
Baoping Ren ◽  
Jie Hu ◽  
Baoguo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Rhinopithecus Bieti

scholarly journals Retraction: Li Y, Li D, Ren B, Hu J, Li B, Krzton A, Li M. Determinants of differences in the activity budgets of Rhinopithecus bieti by age/sex class at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan nature reserve, China. Arch Biol Sci. 2015;67(2):675-83. DOI: 10.2298/ABS140917033L

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-237
Author(s):  
E Editorial
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Rhinopithecus Bieti ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Retracted Article ◽  
Font Color

This is a notice of retraction of the article: Determinants of differences in the activity budgets of Rhinopithecus bieti by age/sex class at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan nature reserve, China by Li Yanhong, Li Dayong, Ren Baoping, Hu Jie, Li Baoguo, Krzton Ali, Li Ming, published in the Archives of Biological Sciences Vol. 67, Issue 2, 2015. Due to inadequate exchange of information between the previous and new Editor-in-Chief of the Archives of Biological Sciences, the new Editor-in-Chief was not informed of the authors? request for withdrawal of the article. After obtaining the written request, signed by all of the authors, the Editor-in-Chief has decided to withdraw the article. <br><br><font color="red"><b> Link to the retracted article <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS140917033L">10.2298/ABS140917033L</a></b></u>

Activity Budgets, Energy Expenditures, and Energy Intakes of Nesting Ferruginous Hawks

The Auk ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Wakeley
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Small Prey ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Prey Items

Abstract Daily energy expenditures of two pairs of nesting Ferruginous Hawks were estimated from activity budgets, and were compared with energy intakes determined from observed prey captures. In 1974 and 1975 respectively, the adult males expended 330.9 ± 37.8 (SD) and 374.3 ± 18.1 kcal/day, whereas the adult females expended 265.3 ± 28.3 and 294.6 ± 34.5 kcal/day. The total daily energy expenditures of adults and young (approximately 995.8 and 967.1 kcal/day in 1974 and 1975, respectively) were more than balanced by their gross intakes (1,337.8 ± 308.2 and 1,393.2 ± 236.7 kcal/day, respectively). The adult males had foraging efficiencies (kcal gathered/kcal expended in hunting) estimated at 7.56 ± 2.17 in the first year and 7.31 ± 1.80 in the second. Estimates of energy intake and foraging efficiency are maxima due to the likely under-representation of small prey items in regurgitated pellets.

A new species of Amolops (Anura: Ranidae) from southwestern Guangdong, China

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4418 (6) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHI-TONG LYU ◽  
JUN WU ◽  
JIAN WANG ◽  
YIK-HEI SUNG ◽  
ZU-YAO LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Tarsal Glands ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Amolops yunkaiensis sp. nov. is described based on a series of specimens from Ehuangzhang Nature Reserve and Yunkaishan Nature Reserve, southwestern Guangdong Province, China. The new species can be distinguished from all known congeners by molecular divergence in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA and CO1 genes, and a combination of the following characters: relatively small body size, SVL 31.8–34.1 mm in adult males, 35.2–39.0 mm in adult females; numerous raised large warts on dorsum and flanks; dorsal body olive-brown or light brown with dark brown blotches; absence of vomerine teeth; absence of tarsal glands; presence of a pair of subgular vocal sacs, nuptial spines on the first finger, and sparse translucent tubercles on the lower jaw, forechest, posterior belly and ventral thigh in male. Hence, the genus Amolops contains 52 species, 29 of which occur in China.

scholarly journals Biogeographical and ecological factors associated with kill rates of an apex predator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Cristescu ◽  
L. Mark Elbroch ◽  
Justin A. Dellinger ◽  
Wesley Binder ◽  
Christopher C. Wilmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Apex Predator ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Apex Predators ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Kill Rate ◽  
Behavioural Factors

AbstractKill rates and functional responses are fundamental to the study of predator ecology and the understanding of predatory-prey dynamics. As the most widely distributed apex predator in the western hemisphere pumas (Puma concolor) have been widely studied yet a biogeographical synthesis of their kill rates is currently lacking. We reviewed the literature and compiled data on sex- and age-specific kill rate estimates of pumas on ungulates, and conducted analyses aimed at understanding ecological factors explaining the observed variation across their range. Kill rate studies on pumas, while numerous, were primarily conducted in Temperate Conifer Forests (< 10% of puma range), revealing a dearth of knowledge across much of their range, especially from tropical and subtropical habitats. Across studies, kill rates in ungulates/week were highest for adult females with kitten(s) (1.24 ± 0.41 ungulates/week) but did not vary significantly between adult males (0.84 ± 0.18) and solitary adult females (0.99 ± 0.26). Kill rates in kg/day did not differ significantly among reproductive classes. Kill rates of adult pumas increased with ungulate density. Ungulate species richness had a weak negative association with adult male kill rates. Neither scavenger richness, the proportion of non-ungulate prey in the diet, nor regional human population density had a significant effect on ungulate kill rates. Our results had a strong temperate-ecosystem bias highlighting the need for further research across the diverse biomes pumas occupy in order to make species level inferences. Data from more populations would also allow for multivariate analyses providing deeper inference into the ecological and behavioural factors driving kill rates and functional responses of pumas, and apex predators in general.

Syntaxonomic changes in the plant cover of meadow steppe in the «Mikhailovskaya Tselina» reserve (Sumy Region, Ukraine)

2006 ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Lysenko ◽  
I. A. Korotchenko
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Meadow Steppe ◽  
Total Species

Changes in the set of syntaxa have been traced for the plant cover of the «Mikhaylovskaya Tselina» meadow-steppe (an isolated part of the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve, Sumy Region, Ukraine) with the help of the Braun-Blanquet approach. The area vegetation syntaxa prodromus includes 2 classes, 2 rders, 3 alliances, 9 associations, and 6 subasso­ciations, 2 of the latter described anew. The plant cover is highly dynamic and undergoes expressed meso­phytization, especially within the area where strict protection has been maintained since 1961. Amplitudes of the principal ecological factors and also peculiarities of their shift under exogenic regulation are determined with the help of the method of synecological phyto­indication (i. e. not single species but total species sets of communities serve as indicators). The essential transformations of the reserve meadow steppes are probably caused by the «insular» character of the reserve, its small size, also by the poorness of the set of natural grazers and hence the inadequacy of regulation by means of mowing.

scholarly journals Group size and aquatic vegetation modulates male preferences for female shoals in wild zebrafish, Danio rerio

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Ghoshal ◽  
Anuradha Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Aquatic Flora ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Individual

AbstractShoaling decisions in the wild are determined by a combination of innate preferences of the individual along with the interplay of multiple ecological factors. In their natural habitat as well as in the laboratory, zebrafish is a shoaling fish. Here, we investigate the role of group size and associated vegetation in shaping shoaling preferences of wild male zebrafish. We studied the association preference of males to groups of female shoals in a multi-choice test design. We found that males made greater proportion of visits to an 8-female group compared to 2 and 4-female groups. However, males spent similar proportions of time across the three female-containing groups. When artificial vegetation was incorporated along with female number as an additional factor, we found that males prefer high and moderately vegetated patches compared to low or no-vegetation groups, irrespective of the number of females in these patches. Based on experiments using a novel multi-choice design, our results show that preference for group size can change due to interaction of two separate factors. This work is a first attempt to understand the role of aquatic flora in determining shoaling preferences in zebrafish, using an experimental paradigm consisting of a gradation in female and vegetation densities.

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