Terrestrial behavior and use of forest strata in a group of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu, Tibet

Abstract Food distribution and predation pressure are considered to be the main ecological factors that influence the use of forest strata (basically arboreality vs. terrestriality) in non-human primates. Here, we investigate ground use of wild, unprovisioned black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti by means of the scan sampling method. The results show that the monkeys spent 15.0% of the day time on the ground; 16.6%, 12.7%, and 15.6% for adult males, adult females and juveniles, respectively. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes showed significantly higher rates of terrestrial time than adult females. Females without clinging infants spent significantly more time on the ground than expected, while females with clinging infants spent significantly less time on the ground than expected. These results suggest that the higher degree of terrestrial behavior for males and juveniles may be due to their higher agility in comparison with females. Our study showed that the monkeys fed more on lichens relative to other food items when in the trees, but more on buds/leaves, flowers, fruits/nuts, resin/bark, and herbs when on the ground. According to our investigation, the ecological significance of the species’ terrestriality lies mainly in the utilization of terrestrial food resources.

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Determinants of differences in the activity budgets of Rhinopithecus bieti by age/sex class at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan nature reserve, China

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs140917033l ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 675-683 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yanhong Li ◽

Dayong Li ◽

Baoping Ren ◽

Jie Hu ◽

Baoguo Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nature Reserve ◽

Reproductive Investment ◽

Ecological Factors ◽

Developmental Differences ◽

Adult Males ◽

Activity Budgets ◽

Rhinopithecus Bieti ◽

Adult Females ◽

Class 1 ◽

In The Wild

Ecological factors are known to influence the activity budgets of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). However, little is known about how activity budgets vary between age/sex classes, because the species is difficult to observe in the wild. This study provides the first detailed activity budgets subdivided by age/sex classes based on observations of the largest habituated group at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve. This study was conducted from June 2008 to May 2009. We found that adult females spent more time feeding (44.8%) than adult males (39.5%), juveniles (39.1%), and infants (14.2%). Adult males allocated more time to miscellaneous activities (12.5%) than did adult females (3.8%). Infants were being groomed 6.9% of the time, which was the highest proportion among all age/sex classes. Adults spent more time feeding, while immature individuals allocated more time to moving and other activities. There are several reasons activity budgets may vary by age/sex class: 1) differential reproductive investment between males and females; 2) developmental differences among the age categories; 3) social relationships between members of different age/sex classes, particularly dominance. In addition, group size and adult sex ratio may also impact activity budgets. These variations in activity budgets among the different age/sex classes may become a selective pressure that shapes the development and growth pattern in this species. This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS160112009E">10.2298/ABS160112009E</a>

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Vocalizations of East African Monkeys Ii: Black and White Colobus

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853972x00266 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 42 (3-4) ◽

pp. 175-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Peter Marler

Keyword(s):

Adult Males ◽

East African ◽

Black And White ◽

Adult Females ◽

Average Group ◽

Acute Distress ◽

The Social ◽

Black And White Colobus ◽

Budongo Forest ◽

Male Signals

AbstractSix sound patterns are important in social communication of the black and white colobus, Colobus guereza, in the Budongo forest, Uganda. The loud roaring of adult males seems to function in intergroup spacing. The snort of adult males may be a threat or an alarm. A soft purring, rarely heard, accompanies a group movement. A cawing sound is used by adult females, juveniles, and infants in situations of mild distress or threat. Squeaks and screams are used by adult females, infants, and juveniles in acute distress. A non-vocal sound, the tongue click, is employed in territorial defense. The characteristics of these sounds are interpreted in light of the social organization of this species which is territorial, with an average group of eight animals, typically with only one adult male. Signals used primarily in intertroop communication are discrete, while those used for signalling within the troop are graded.

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Biogeographical and ecological factors associated with kill rates of an apex predator

10.1101/2020.10.04.325779 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bogdan Cristescu ◽

L. Mark Elbroch ◽

Justin A. Dellinger ◽

Wesley Binder ◽

Christopher C. Wilmers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Puma Concolor ◽

Ecological Factors ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Apex Predator ◽

Adult Males ◽

Apex Predators ◽

Functional Responses ◽

Adult Females ◽

Kill Rate ◽

Behavioural Factors

AbstractKill rates and functional responses are fundamental to the study of predator ecology and the understanding of predatory-prey dynamics. As the most widely distributed apex predator in the western hemisphere pumas (Puma concolor) have been widely studied yet a biogeographical synthesis of their kill rates is currently lacking. We reviewed the literature and compiled data on sex- and age-specific kill rate estimates of pumas on ungulates, and conducted analyses aimed at understanding ecological factors explaining the observed variation across their range. Kill rate studies on pumas, while numerous, were primarily conducted in Temperate Conifer Forests (< 10% of puma range), revealing a dearth of knowledge across much of their range, especially from tropical and subtropical habitats. Across studies, kill rates in ungulates/week were highest for adult females with kitten(s) (1.24 ± 0.41 ungulates/week) but did not vary significantly between adult males (0.84 ± 0.18) and solitary adult females (0.99 ± 0.26). Kill rates in kg/day did not differ significantly among reproductive classes. Kill rates of adult pumas increased with ungulate density. Ungulate species richness had a weak negative association with adult male kill rates. Neither scavenger richness, the proportion of non-ungulate prey in the diet, nor regional human population density had a significant effect on ungulate kill rates. Our results had a strong temperate-ecosystem bias highlighting the need for further research across the diverse biomes pumas occupy in order to make species level inferences. Data from more populations would also allow for multivariate analyses providing deeper inference into the ecological and behavioural factors driving kill rates and functional responses of pumas, and apex predators in general.

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Captures, Body Mass and Diet of Platypuses in a Subalpine Tasmanian Lake.

Australian Mammalogy ◽

10.1071/am98324 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 311

Author(s):

S.A. Munks ◽

H.M. Otley ◽

J. Jackson ◽

M. Hindell

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Early Spring ◽

Late Winter ◽

Adult Males ◽

Catch Per Unit Effort ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Food Items ◽

Adult Females ◽

Unit Effort ◽

Significant Difference

Studies into the ecology of the platypus have concentrated on populations inhabiting !otic waters on mainland Australia. This paper presents preliminary results of a study into the feeding ecology and energetics of the platypus in a subalpine lake in Tasmania. During the autumn, winter and early spring months 29 individual platypuses were captured (13 adult females, 13 adult males and 3 juveniles). Of these, 46% of the adult males, 31% of the adult females and one of the juveniles were recaptured between one and eight times. Catch per unit effort was similar for the 1800-2400hrs, 0600-1200hrs and 1200-1800hrs time periods (0.158, 0.161 and 0.156, respectively). However catch per unit effort was low (0.057) between 2400hr and 0600hrs. There was no significant difference in the mean body mass of adult males and females between autumn, winter and early spring, however the condition of the females, indicated by the tail fat index, decreased in early spring. The overall mean body mass for adult males and adult females caught during the autumn/winter and early spring months was 2293.21g ± 300 (1920-2740g) and 1375.22g ± 147 (1150-1580g), respectively. This supports the observation that platypuses in Tasmania are larger than those occurring in mainland water bodies. The timing of juvenile captures suggests that matings occur at Lake Lea between mid September through to January. This indicates that the breeding season may be later in Tasmania than on the mainland. The contents of cheek pouches were collected from individuals caught during the autumn, winter and early spring months for identification of food items. Food items identified so far include Trichoptera, Gastropod molluscs, Ephemeroptera nymphs, Coleoptera larvae and Diptera, with Trichoptera forming the dominant food item. Measurements of the daily energy expenditure of six adults were attempted during late winter and early spring using the doubly labelled water technique.

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Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spi-ders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata IVAN L. F. MAGALHÃES & ADALBERTO J. SANTOS (Brazil)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.2983.1.3 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2983 (1) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

IVAN L. F. MAGALHÃES ◽

ADALBERTO J. SANTOS

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Junior Synonym ◽

Adult Males ◽

Development Stages ◽

Brazilian Amazonia ◽

Central Brazil ◽

Adult Females ◽

Two New Species ◽

Senior Synonym ◽

First Time

In this paper, M. yanomami n. sp., from Brazilian Amazonia, Chaetacis bandeirante n. sp., from Central Brazil, and the males of M. gaujoni Simon, 1897 and M. ruschii (Mello-Leitão, 1945) n. comb. , respectively from Ecuador and Brazil, are described and illustrated for the first time. An ontogenetic series of the last development stages of both sexes of Micrathena excavata (C. L. Koch, 1836) is illustrated and briefly described. Adult females are larger and have longer legs and larger abdomens than adult males. Probably females undergo at least one additional moult before adulthood, compared to males. Micrathena ornata Mello-Leitão, 1932 is considered a junior synonym of M. plana (C. L. Koch, 1836), and M. mastonota Mello-Leitão 1940 is synonymized with M. horrida (Taczanowski, 1873). Acrosoma ruschii Mello-Leitão, 1945 is revalidated, transferred to Micrathena and considered a senior synonym of M. cicuta Gonzaga & Santos, 2004. Chaetacis necopinata (Chickering, 1960) is recorded for Brazil for the first time. Chaetacis incisa (Walckenaer, 1841) is considered a nomen dubium.

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Spacing, movements, and habitat selection of the river otter in boreal Alberta

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z94-175 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 72 (7) ◽

pp. 1314-1324 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

D. G. Reid ◽

T. E. Code ◽

A. C. H. Reid ◽

S. M. Herrero

Keyword(s):

Lontra Canadensis ◽

Home Ranges ◽

Adult Males ◽

Movement Rates ◽

River Otters ◽

Aquatic Mammal ◽

Adult Females ◽

Two Factors ◽

Bog Lakes ◽

Selection Of

Seasonal spacing patterns, home ranges, and movements of river otters (Lontra canadensis) were studied in boreal Alberta by means of radiotelemetry. Adult males occupied significantly larger annual home ranges than adult females. Males' ranges overlapped those of females and also each other's. In winter, home ranges of males shrank and showed less overlap. Otters often associated in groups, the core members typically being adult females with young, or adult males. Otters tended to be more solitary in winter. In winter, movement rates of all sex and age classes were similar, and much reduced for males compared with those in other seasons. These data indicated a strong limiting effect of winter ice on behaviour and dispersion. We tested the hypothesis that otters select water bodies in winter on the basis of the suitability of shoreline substrate and morphology for dens with access both to air and to water under ice. Intensity of selection was greatest in winter, with avoidance of gradually sloping shorelines of sand or gravel. Adults selected bog lakes with banked shores containing semi-aquatic mammal burrows, and lakes with beaver lodges. Subadults selected beaver-impounded streams. Apart from human harvest, winter habitats and food availability in such habitats are likely the two factors most strongly limiting otter density in boreal Alberta.

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Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses Ii. Time-Budgets of Adult Horses and Weaned Sub-Adults

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853980x00023 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 72 (1-2) ◽

pp. 26-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Patrick Duncan

Keyword(s):

Social Structure ◽

Social System ◽

General Trend ◽

Small Population ◽

Time Budgets ◽

Adult Males ◽

Adult Females ◽

Young Horses

AbstractTime-budgets of adult and weaned sub-adult horses were studied in a small population of Camargue horses living in semi-liberty. The categories of activities used were: Standing resting, Lying flat, Lying up, Standing alert, Walking, Trotting, Galloping, Rolling and Foraging. The main differences in time-budgets were related to age and to sex : young horses spent more time lying (sleeping), males spent more time standing alert and in rapid movements (trot, gallop), while usually foraging less than did the adult females. During the three years of the study the population increased from 20 to 54 horses and there were considerable changes in social structure as the number of adult males increased. Associated with these developments there were some changes between years in the time-budgets: the most striking of which was a general trend for all horses to spend less time lying. Nonetheless the time-budgets showed a considerable constancy across years and age/sex-classes, especially with regard to time spent foraging. This conclusion may provide a clue as to why horses have an unusual social system based on long term relationships between a male and the females of his harem.

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Extrinsic Inter- and Intra-specific Competition in Parasitoid Wasps

Annual Review of Entomology ◽

10.1146/annurev-ento-071421-073524 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paul J. Ode ◽

Dhaval K. Vyas ◽

Jeffrey A. Harvey

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Interference Competition ◽

Apparent Competition ◽

Annual Review ◽

Publication Date ◽

Natural Ecosystem ◽

Adult Males ◽

Alternate Host ◽

Adult Females ◽

Behavioral Mechanisms

The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host–parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Observations on social behaviour of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus (L.)) during terrestrial haul-out

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z80-061 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 461-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. E. Salter

Keyword(s):

Social Interactions ◽

Social Behaviour ◽

East Coast ◽

Adult Males ◽

Agonistic Interactions ◽

Age Composition ◽

Body Contact ◽

Adult Females ◽

Odobenus Rosmarus

Social interactions in walrus herds of mixed sex and age composition were recorded at a haul-out site on the east coast of Bathurst Island, N.W.T., during July–August 1977. Most walruses maintained body contact with at least one other walrus while hauled out on land; herds were usually circular in shape. Adult males, adult females, and immatures all displaced other walruses, and thus entered herds, by jabbing with the tusks. Dominance during agonistic interactions was related to relative tusk length and sex and age of interactants. Behaviour of walruses on land suggested an energetic advantage in mutual body contact, which would be maximized by occupation of interior positions within herds.

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The Influence of Age, Sex, Pregnancy, Starvation, and Other Factors on the Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoproteins of Rat Liver

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.4.6.771 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 771-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Mary L. Petermann ◽

Mary G. Hamilton

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Rat Liver ◽

Liver Tissue ◽

Microsomal Protein ◽

Male Rats ◽

Differential Centrifugation ◽

Adult Males ◽

Analytical Ultracentrifuge ◽

Total Rna ◽

Adult Females

Rat liver was homogenized in 0.88 M sucrose. The DNA and total RNA were determined, and the homogenate was fractionated by differential centrifugation. The pellets obtained between 30 minutes at 20,000 g and 180 minutes at 105,000 g were analyzed for RNA and nitrogen. The ribonucleoproteins were determined in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The non-pellet RNA was calculated by difference. The results are reported as amounts per 6.7 x 10-9 mg. of DNA. In young, growing male rats the amounts of microsomal protein and ribonucleoprotein B (83S) increased with age. Non-pregnant adult females showed less non-pellet RNA and much more ribonucleoprotein C (63S) than did adult males. During pregnancy both of these cell constituents reverted to levels characteristic for male animals. Starvation for 5 days resulted in a reduction in the mass of liver tissue, the non-pellet RNA, the microsomal protein, and ribonucleoproteins B and C. During recovery from starvation the return of the liver to normal paralleled the rate at which body weight was restored. Treatment with cortisone, 25 mg. per rat per day for 5 days, caused an increase in microsomal protein and a decrease in ribonucleoprotein B. Treatment with 6-mercapto-purine, 50 mg. per kilo per day for 5 days, caused little change in liver composition in either males or females.

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