scholarly journals Genetic parameters of the type traits of Holstein-Friesian primiparous dairy cows

Genetika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-544
Author(s):  
Dobrila Jankovic ◽  
Bozidarka Markovic ◽  
Radica Djedovic ◽  
Snezana Trivunovic ◽  
Momcilo Saran
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Estimation Of Variance ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim of this study was to determine the level and variability of type traits in primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows, as well as to assess the additive genetic variance of type traits and heritability coefficients. The research was conducted on a data set of linearly evaluated primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows, which is ceded by the Main dairy cattle breed organization in the Province of Vojvodina, which is a unit of the Department of Animal Science, at the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad. Data of 24226 primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows, refer to the period 2012-2015, were analysed. The phenotypic variability of the type traits, as well as effects of systemic factors affecting these traits, were analyzed using standard statistical methods in the Statistica software 13.2, and the general linear model (GLM). A Statistically highly significant effect for most of the type traits had the farm size, interaction of the year and the season of evaluation, age at linear evaluation, lactation stage and a genetic group formed by the year and country of bull/sires birth. The total type traits score (final score), which represents an evaluation of the overall primiparous cow exterior, is calculated for the 24226 linearly evaluated primiparous cows. Estimation of variance components and heritability coefficient calculation is done in the software package WOMBAT. Heritability coefficient values for the primiparous cow's type traits in the Province of Vojvodina were low to middle, ranged from 0.08 for the rear legs - side view up to 0.38 for the stature. Due to the fact that the value of the heritability coefficient depends on the variability of the traits and previous selection, lower heritability may be a consequence of the low genetic variability, or, a higher degree of variability which is a consequence of the effect of the systematic factors. Heritability coefficients indicate a genetic variability of the type traits, and its evaluation is important for the breeding value estimation for the type traits.

scholarly journals Phenotypic characteristics of linear traits of udder and angularity in Holstein-Friesian cows and their correlation with milk yield traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-416
Author(s):  
Radica Djedovic ◽  
Vladan Bogdanovic ◽  
Dragan Stanojevic ◽  
Hasan Ismael ◽  
Dobrila Jankovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Important Trait

Data set including 10860 primiparous Holstein-Friesian breed cows first calved in the period from 2011 to 2015, was used in determining phenotypic variability and correlation between the traits of milk yield and linearly estimated traits of udder and angularity. The average values obtained for type traits (angularity, fore udder attachment, front teats placement, teats length, udder depth and rear udder height) were 6.47; 5.74; 4.96; 5.20; 5.99 and 6.25, respectively. The values obtained for phenotypic correlations between linear type traits and traits of milk yield ranged from -0.042 (udder depth and milk yield) to 0.335 (fore udder attachment and protein yield). Positive phenotypic correlation (0.293) was recorded also between fore udder attachment and milk yield which is deemed the most important trait of milk yield while the lowest correlation between milk yields was determined in relation to udder depth (-0.033). The results obtained indicate a possibility of applying direct and indirect multiple traits selection which should be conducted within a national progeny-testing programme on Holstein-Friesian bulls by using the method of selection indexes.

scholarly journals Determination of Body Parts in Holstein Friesian Cows Comparing Neural Networks and k Nearest Neighbour Classification

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Jennifer Salau ◽  
Jan Henning Haas ◽  
Wolfgang Junge ◽  
Georg Thaller
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Data Set ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Knn Classification ◽  
Friesian Cows

Machine learning methods have become increasingly important in animal science, and the success of an automated application using machine learning often depends on the right choice of method for the respective problem and data set. The recognition of objects in 3D data is still a widely studied topic and especially challenging when it comes to the partition of objects into predefined segments. In this study, two machine learning approaches were utilized for the recognition of body parts of dairy cows from 3D point clouds, i.e., sets of data points in space. The low cost off-the-shelf depth sensor Microsoft Kinect V1 has been used in various studies related to dairy cows. The 3D data were gathered from a multi-Kinect recording unit which was designed to record Holstein Friesian cows from both sides in free walking from three different camera positions. For the determination of the body parts head, rump, back, legs and udder, five properties of the pixels in the depth maps (row index, column index, depth value, variance, mean curvature) were used as features in the training data set. For each camera positions, a k nearest neighbour classifier and a neural network were trained and compared afterwards. Both methods showed small Hamming losses (between 0.007 and 0.027 for k nearest neighbour (kNN) classification and between 0.045 and 0.079 for neural networks) and could be considered successful regarding the classification of pixel to body parts. However, the kNN classifier was superior, reaching overall accuracies 0.888 to 0.976 varying with the camera position. Precision and recall values associated with individual body parts ranged from 0.84 to 1 and from 0.83 to 1, respectively. Once trained, kNN classification is at runtime prone to higher costs in terms of computational time and memory compared to the neural networks. The cost vs. accuracy ratio for each methodology needs to be taken into account in the decision of which method should be implemented in the application.

scholarly journals Coefficients of relationship and inbreeding among Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. VAHLSTEN ◽  
E. MÄNTYSAARI ◽  
I. STRANDÉN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Pedigree Data ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Coefficient Of Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Friesian Cows

Pedigree data from national breeding value evaluations were used in calculation of the coefficient and rate of inbreeding, average coefficient and rate of relationship and generation intervals for the Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle populations. The data had 1,366,555 Ayrshire and 377,869 Holstein-Friesian animals. The mean coefficient of inbreeding for Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian animals born in the 1990s was 2.29% and 0.90%, respectively, and the trend was towards higher inbreeding values. The average coefficient of relationship, mean increase in inbreeding and generation interval was calculated for bulls born between 1976 and 1999, and for cows born between 1986 and 1999. The mean coefficient of relationship of Ayrshire bulls increased 2.22 %-units per generation and inbreeding increased 0.20 %-units per generation during the years studied. The mean coefficient of relationship of Finnish Holstein-Friesian bulls increased 0.96 %-units per generation and inbreeding 0.17 %-units per generation. The mean coefficient of relationship and inbreeding of Ayrshire cows increased 0.38 %-units and 0.31 %-units per generation, respectively. For Holstein-Friesian cows the mean coefficient of relationship and inbreeding increased 0.25 %-units and 0.11 %-units per generation, respectively. Results show that inbreeding is low and it is increasing slowly in both breeds. However, especially the coefficients of relationship of Ayrshire bulls are high in some age classes and this may lead into faster increase in coefficients of inbreeding.;

The relationship between fertility, rump and other type traits in Holstein Friesian cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
E. Wall ◽  
I. M. S. White ◽  
M. P. Coffey ◽  
S. Brotherstone
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Cattle Breeders ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fertility Traits ◽  
Friesian Cows

Cattle breeders, farmers and vets believe that the decline in fertility seen in recent years can be partially attributed to changes in rump angle with selection being for more angular cows. This suggests that animals with pin bones that sit above the hip bones (high rump angle) will have poorer fertility. Few studies have shown a significant relationship between fertility and rump traits. This study investigates the popular belief that high rump angle equates to poor fertility by examining the genetic and phenotypic correlation between rump angle and fertility traits. The relationship between rump angle and fertility was also examined to see if there was an intermediate optimum or threshold of rump angle for good/bad fertility. The correlation of other type traits (udder and composite traits) with fertility was also examined to see if they had potential to add information to the estimation of fertility breeding values.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPORARY PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIALLY AND NATURALLY SIRED CANADIAN HOLSTEIN–FRIESIAN COWS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Martin ◽  
J. C. Rennie ◽  
G. H. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Class Average ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equivalent Yield ◽  
Friesian Cows

A study of first-lactation records, collected under Canadian Record of Performance and involving 12,815 Holstein–Friesian heifers by A.I. (artificial insemination) sires, and 13,543 Holstein–Friesian heifers by non-A.I. sires, within the same herds and season, revealed a superiority in average breeding value of 4.62 ± 0.48 B.C.A. (breed class average) for milk and 4.98 ± 0.50 B.C.A. for butterfat in favor of the A.I. sires. Expressed in terms of mature equivalent yield the superiorities were 248 ± 26 kg (546 ± 57 lb) milk; and 9.8 ± 1.0 kg (21.6 ± 2.2 lb) butterfat. The difference in butterfat test between the two sire groups was not statistically significant.The total volume of data examined consisted of 33,425 records of cows of all ages. Cows mated to A.I. sires were shown to be slightly superior, both in milk and fat production, to cows mated to non-A.I. sires [Formula: see text]. Adjustment procedures for this source of bias are discussed.Important seasonal differences were demonstrated, emphasizing the necessity of comparisons on a within-season basis.

scholarly journals The role of type traits of dairy cattles in long productive life

2006 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Attila Berta ◽  
Béla Béri
Keyword(s):  
Life Time ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Reproduction Biology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Friesian Cows

In the last few decades, a new intensive milking stock has developed as a result of breed-converter crossing in Hungary. Additionally, the reproduction biology of the population was adversely affected by keeping and feeding technologies. Productive lifetime has shortened and the service period has lengthened. However, profitable milk production requires cows with longer productive lives and larger life-time productions. In our study, we made a comparison between production, culling causes, and type traits of culled Holstein Friesian cows after first calving and of cows with a minimum of eight lactations. We established that the first lactation production of cows with longer productive lives was more or less homogeneous. Disease of metabolism as well as digestive and respiratory problems, were the main causes of the culling of cows with short productive lives, and reproduction and udder problems as well as low production, were the main causes of the culling of cows with long productive lives. We found a significant difference in the distributions of strength, body depth, dairy form, croup width, rear leg side view, foot angle, fore udder attachment and teat placement between the two groups. Furthermore, we established that cows with lower stature, less strength, a somewhat deeper body, better dairy form, narrower croup width, smaller foot angle, looser fore udder attachment and some outside teat placement had longer productive lives.

scholarly journals Estimation of variance components for bodyweight of grasscutters using expectation maximization algorithm of restricted maximum likelihood

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
I. Udeh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Expectation Maximization ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Expectation Maximization Algorithm ◽  
Estimation Of Variance ◽  
Selection Of

The objective of this study was to estimate the variance components and heritability of bodyweight of grasscutters at 4, 6 and 8 months of age using EM algorithm of REML procedures. The data used for the study were obtained from the bodyweight records of 20 grasscutters from four families at 4, 6 and 8 months of age. The heritability of bodyweight of grasscutters at 4, 6 and 8 months of age were 0.14, 0.10 and 0.12 respectively. This implies that about 10 – 14 % of the phenotypic variability of body weight in this grasscutter population was accounted by additive genetic variance while environmental and gene combination variance made a larger contribution. The implication is that selection of grasscutters in this population should not be based on the information on the animals alone but also information fromits relatives.

Evaluation of the breeding strategy for milk yield of Holstein Friesian cows on large-scale dairy farms in Malawi

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. G. CHAGUNDA ◽  
E. W. BRUNS ◽  
J. M. KING ◽  
C. B. A. WOLLNY
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Additive Genetic Effect ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Genetic Trend ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Over the last two decades, dairy cattle management in Malawi has been oriented towards increasing milk yield per animal. One consequence of this process has been reliance on Holstein Friesian bull semen from temperate regions. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of Holstein Friesian cows on large-scale farms in Malawi. A data set of 60640 test-day records from Holstein Friesian cows in first, second and third lactation from three large-scale dairies in Malawi were utilized. Fixed effects of herd, year and season of calving were tested. (Co)variance components were estimated through the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations for milk yield, lactation length, age at first calving, and calving interval were determined. In general, milk yield decreased over the years and there was significant (P<0·001) variation in milk yield between herds. The genetic base, as indicated by the genetic trend, remained almost constant in the studied period. This entails genotype by environment interaction, culminating in the additive genetic effect not expressing itself fully in the phenotype. It is therefore apparent that considerable improvement could be achieved by improving the production environment.

scholarly journals Estimation of heritability and genetic correlations between milk yield and linear type traits in primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Ismael ◽  
Dobrila Janković ◽  
Dragan Stanojević ◽  
Vladan Bogdanović ◽  
Snežana Trivunović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Friesian Cows

Reproductive performance in Holstein-Friesian cows in relation to genetic merit and level of feeding when grazing pasture

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
J. Wilkins ◽  
R. C. Dobos ◽  
G. M. Hough ◽  
M. E. Goddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractOne hundred and eight Holstein-Friesian cows in six herds were run on six separate farmlets over a 5-year period from 1995 to 1999 at Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, on the subtropical north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Three of the herds comprised high genetic merit (HGM) cows — Australian breeding value (ABV) of +49·1 kg for milk fat (F) plus protein (Pr) and three herds comprised low genetic merit (LGM) cows-ABV of 2·3 kg. Within genetic merit groupings, one herd was given 0·34 t (l), one herd was given 0·84 t (m) and one herd 1·71 t (h), of concentrate per cow per lactation. Within each genetic merit group, cows were matched for milk yield and live weight, and over all groups for time of calving and age at the commencement of the study. The 30 paddocks within each farmlet were matched between farmlets for pasture type and pasture growth rate and soil fertility. Half the cows within each herd calved over a 3-month period in spring and the other half in autumn. Strict management criteria ensured that there was no bias towards particular treatment groups.HGM cows were ‘open’ (days from calving to conception) for 8 days longer than the LGM cows (99 v. 91 days). The lHGM cows took 11 days longer to commence luteal phase activity and 21 days longer to first observed oestrus post calving than hLGM cows (P < 0·001), with the other groups being intermediate.After 24 days of mating, 22% of lHGM cows were pregnant, and this was less than half of the rate of the best herd-mLGM. After 9 weeks of mating, the chances of an LGM cow being pregnant was 87% greater than an HGM cow. After 12 weeks of mating, 70% of lHGM cows were pregnant compared with a mean pregnancy rate of 87% for the LGM cows.The number of cows treated for abnormal ovarian activity (anoestrus, cystic) was highest (P < 0·001) in the HGM herds given ‘l’ and ‘m’ levels of concentrate compared with the remaining herds (0·24 v. 0·12 treatments per cow mated, respectively).There was a significant positive relationship between live-weight change from 4 weeks before, to the start of, the mating period and the chances of a cow being pregnant at 24 days (P < 0·05) and at 6 and 9 weeks after the commencement of mating.There was a significant negative relationship (P < 0·001) between the change in daily F plus Pr yield, from the start to 4 weeks after mating began, and pregnancy rate at 9 weeks. The change in F plus Pr yield was +63 g/day for cows pregnant at nine weeks as opposed to +154 g/day for cows not pregnant.The results of the present study indicate that the reproductive performance of HGM cows, with a mean of 61% North American (NA) genes, is lower than LGM cows (22% NA genes) under a predominantly pasture-based system of farming. The influence on reproduction was possibly due to genes favouring partitioning of energy to milk yield rather than body-condition maintenance in the HGM cows and when food intake was inadequate, then being more willing to use body reserves.These reproductive problems may be reduced by more intensive reproductive management. However, such practices are costly and time consuming. Another approach may be to ensure that live-weight loss over the mating period is minimized by strategic supplementary feeding.

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