scholarly journals The effect of soil type on imazamox phytotoxicity to tomato

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
Jelena Gajic-Umiljendic ◽  
Marija Saric-Krsmanovic ◽  
Ljiljana Santric ◽  
Ljiljana Radivojevic
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Delay ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Plant Sensitivity ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Different Levels

A bioassay was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of tomato to imazamox residues in loamy and sandy soils. The effects of three different levels of soil moisture (20, 50 and 70% FWC) were also examined. Imazamox was applied at rates ranging from 6.25 to 800 ?g a.i./ kg soil. Shoot and root fresh weight and root length were the parameters measured 21 days after treatment, as well as the content of water soluble proteins. Imazamox caused growth delay and lower protein contents in both types of soil at all levels of soil moisture, and the degree of change depended on application rates. Inhibition was higher in plants grown in the sandy soil. The root parameters were more reliable as indicators of plant sensitivity to imazamox in soil. Soluble protein contents were lower in all trial variants but the changes did not depend on herbicide concentrations.

scholarly journals Cucumber susceptibility to simulated soil residues of clomazone

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Jelena Gajic-Umiljendic ◽  
Tijana Djordjevic ◽  
Ljiljana Santric ◽  
Marija Saric-Krsmanovic ◽  
Ljiljana Radivojevic
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Concentration Series

A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of cucumber to the residual activity of clomazone in loamy and sandy soils. The effects of three different levels of soil moisture (20, 50 and 70% field capacity - FC) was also examined. Clomazone was applied in concentration series of 0.047-6 mg a.i./kg soil. Plants grew for 21 days, upon which period physiological parameters (content of carotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) were measured. Clomazone caused leaf bleaching and reduction in pigments content in cucumber leaves in both types of soil at all levels of soil moisture, and the degree of change depended on application rates. Inhibition was higher in plants grown in the sandy soil, while the least sensitive were cucumber plants grown in both types of soil with 20% FC. The findings in this study showed moderate cucumber susceptibility to clomazone residues in loamy and sandy soils.

Changes during development in the compartmentalization patterns of extractable gibberellin-like substances in 'single' and 'double' genotypes of Nigella damascena

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (15) ◽  
pp. 2115-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Raman ◽  
R. I. Greyson
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Tissue ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Nigella Damascena ◽  
Different Levels

The 'double'-flowered and 'single'-flowered genotypes of Nigella damascena possess different levels and compartmentalization profiles of the methanol-extractable acidic-ethyl-acetate-soluble (AES) and highly water-soluble (HWS) gibberellins. 'Single' tissues at all stages possess less total gibberellin than the 'double' tissues. At flowering, 'double' tissue contains 20 to 30 times (500 μg/kg fresh weight) the levels of seedling tissue and 10 to 20 times the levels of 'single' flower tissue. Seedlings of both forms possess AES and HWS gibberellins at about equal levels. However, at flowering, virtually all methanol-extractable gibberellins of the 'double' are located in the AES extract and the 'single' flower bud possesses essentially all HWS gibberellins.

scholarly journals Untersuchungen zur Phosphataufnahme von Zwischenfrüchten bei unterschiedlicher P-Versorgung des Bodens (Investigation of P Uptake of Catch Crops under Different P Supply)

2003 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Bettina Eichler ◽  
Adolf Grüner ◽  
Imre Vágó
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soils ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Catch Crops ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
P Content ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Total P ◽  
P Supply

The P uptakes of 11 different catch crops on four soils were estimated and compared with changes of double lactate soluble Phosphorus (P(DL)) in soil within a vessel trial. Additionally a model trial with quartz sand was carried out for investigations of the influence of P supply on root parameters. The differences of P uptake in dependence of the proofed variants were significant. Under a sufficient P supply Buckwheat, Maize and Oil radish had the highest P uptake on sandy soils, on loamy soil also Buckwheat and Maize but Serradella too. Under P deficiency the withdrawals of Phosphorus for Buckwheat, Maize and Oil radish were found to be the highest. In contrast to the sandy soils for the loamy soils no significant relation between the P uptake by plants and changes in the P-DL amount in soil could be found. For all variants the P uptake by plants were higher than the reduction of the P-DL amount in soil. The rate of P-DL content on the total P content in soil reduced while the two trial years only in sandy but not in loamy soils. The P uptake, the root length and the root/shoot relationship depends significantly on the cultivated crop and the added P compound. The added water soluble KH2PO4 caused a higher P uptake but a lower root/shoot-relationship than the water insoluble P compounds.

Transport of soluble organic and inorganic carbon in sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Wang ◽  
A. K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Isobutylidene Diurea ◽  
Leaching Condition

Leaching of water soluble soil carbon plays an important role in downward transport of soil nutrients and pollutants and may be influenced by soil and management factors. We examined the leaching of water soluble carbon from two sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization by adapting an intermittent leaching-incubation technique using packed soil columns (94 × 10 cm). After 30 d, cumulative amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (SOC) leached from the Candler and Wabasso sand for various treatments in mg C column−1 were: 77 and 302 (NH4NO3), 64 and 265 (control), and 45 and 239 (isobutylidene diurea, IBDU), respectively. The IBDU and NH4NO3 treatments increased the leaching of water-soluble inorganic carbon (SIC), which ranged from 2 to 38 mg C column−1 over 30 d. At the end of eight cycles of leaching/incubation, the total carbon content increased at depth (control and NH4NO3 treatment) in the Candler sand, but decreased in the Wabasso sand. In the first leaching event, the average rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand was 26 mg C column−1 d−1 which dropped rapidly to about 5 mg C column−1 d−1 towards the end of the experiment. The rate of SOC leaching from the Candler sand was much lower (<8 mg C column−1 d−1) than the rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand. Compared with the unamended treatments, application of NH4NO3 increased and IBDU decreased the leaching of SOC in both soils. These effects of N application were considerable during the initial two to three leaching events only. Our results suggest that the initial rainfalls that follow a dry period may be critical for transporting SOC from the upper layer of these sandy soils. Key words: C leaching, sandy soil, intermittent leaching condition, isobutylidene

scholarly journals Disturbances to the Ground and to the Stand in Beech Forests Due to Thinning Treatments Performed by Different Levels of Mechanization

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Rachele Venanzi ◽  
Loredana Barbona ◽  
Francesco Latterini ◽  
Rodolfo Picchio
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Forest Logging ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Different Levels

The aim of this work was to assess the possible impacts on the forest soil and stand due to silvicultural treatment and forest operations in a beech high forest. Even aged beech forests (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Municipality of Cappadocia (L’Aquila) and in the Municipality of Vallepietra (Roma) were analyzed. The analysis of the soil and stand were performed in order to assess the effects attributable to applied silviculture and forest logging. Two different logging methodologies (in particular for the extraction) were applied: mules were used in the areas with greater slopes and with obstacles, while for the areas with better accessibility, mechanical means were used, in this case tractors. In detail, the main objective was to assess the disturbance on the ground and on the stand, generated by the two different levels of mechanization. In addition, it was also interesting to understand the possible effect on the soil and specifically on the partial uncovering where part of the tree canopy was removed. Only through an accurate cross-analysis of the studied parameters and indices could the anthropogenic impacts on the soil and stand due to forest operations be highlighted according to the different logging methodologies applied. The main results showed that the disturbances caused to the soil and stand were essentially caused in the bunching and extraction operations. The importance of avoiding or limiting the continuous passage of vehicles and animals on forest soil clearly emerges, especially in conditions of high soil moisture. It is also important to use correct technologies that are adequate for the specific environmental characteristics and the work plan. Finally, it can be said that there was no difference in the disturbance caused by the two logging methods when compared. Substantial differences in terms of improvement can be defined when comparing the findings of this study with other research studies. This can be done by applying a different type of mechanization with a different logging system.

Prediction of total nitrogen in cropland soil at different levels of soil moisture with Vis/NIR spectroscopy

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaolin Liu ◽  
Qinghu Jiang ◽  
Tiezhu Shi ◽  
Teng Fei ◽  
Junjie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Different Levels

Water-Fertilizer Coupling Effects and Efficient Utilization under Peanut-Millet Interplanting Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 272-277
Author(s):  
Liang Shan Feng ◽  
Zhan Xiang Sun ◽  
Jia Ming Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Factor Interactions ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In this study, the results showed that water is the most important factor to affect crop yields and optimum soil moisture is lower under the conditions of peanut-and-millet interplanting. Thus, peanut-and-millet interplanting is generally able to fit most of the semi-arid region. In the interaction of various factors, the coupling effect of water and phosphorus was stronger than the coupling effect of fertilizers, following by the coupling effect of water and nitrogen. Among peanuts factors of water, nitrogen, and multi-factorial interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus, water and nitrogen showed a negative effect, whereas the two-factor interactions had a positive effect. There were some differences between peanut and millet in the need for water and fertilizer, in which peanut required more nitrogen and millet needed slightly higher soil moisture and phosphorus. When other factors were in rich level, both of the optimal value for single factors of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus and the optimal value for two-factor interactions of water-nitrogen, water-phosphorus, and nitrogen-phosphorus, were higher than the optimal value for the interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The tiny demand difference on moisture in peanut-millet interplanting could be compromised by configuring a reasonable interplanting population structure and the corresponding demand difference on fertilizer could be resolved by uneven crop planting strips. Under the condition of water-nitrogen-phosphorus interaction, the soil moisture content optimal for peanut accounted for 57.3% of the field capacity, and the related appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.98 g/pot (81.18 kg/hm2) and 0.39g/pot (32.18 kg/hm2), respectively. Likewise, the soil moisture content optimal for millet was 59.1% of the field capacity, and the counterpart appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.57 g/pot (47.03 kg/hm2) and 0.45g / pot (37.13 kg/hm2), respectively.

scholarly journals Environmental effects on efficacy of herbicides for postemergence goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avat Shekoofa ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Jose J. Vargas ◽  
Daniel P. Tuck ◽  
Matthew T. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
High Soil Moisture

AbstractExperiments were conducted to understand environmental effects on efficacy of herbicides used to control goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn.). Herbicides were applied to goosegrass maintained at soil moisture contents (VMC) of < 12%, 12 to 20%, or > 20%. Herbicides included fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (140 g ha−1), topramezone (25 g ha−1), foramsulfuron (44 g ha−1), 2,4-D + dicamba + MCPP + carfentrazone (860 + 80 + 270 + 28 g ha−1), and thiencarbazone-methyl + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron-methyl (22 + 45 + 69 g ha−1). Goosegrass control increased as VMC increased. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature were manipulated to determine effects of evaporative demand on foramsulfuron. Effects of soil drying were also studied following foramsulfuron application. Reductions in transpiration rate (TR) and leaf area were greatest with foramsulfuron applications to goosegrass in silt-loam under high evaporative demand (3 kPa VPD, 38 °C). Foramsulfuron had no effect on goosegrass in silica-sand regardless of evaporative demand. TR dropped to 0.2 mmh−1 within eight days after application to goosegrass in silt-loam compared to 18 days in silica-sand. Overall, foramsulfuron efficacy on goosegrass was maximized under conditions of high soil moisture and evaporative demand, and may be reduced in sandy soils that hold less water.

scholarly journals Effects of repeated phosphorus fertilisation on field crops in Finland 2.Sufficient phosphorus application rates on silty and sandy soils

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAARELA ◽  
H. HUHTA ◽  
P. VIRKAJÄRVI
Keyword(s):  
Relative Yield ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
P Application ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilisation ◽  
Annual Application

In order to update fertilisation recommendations for Finnish silty and sandy soils, the effects of repeated phosphorus (P) fertilisation on the yields of cereals, grasses and other crops were measured at ten sites for 9 to 18 years. Results of some earlier studies were also used in examining the relationships of the yield responses to applied P and to the soil test values measured by the Finnish ammonium acetate method (PAc). Significant effects of P fertilisation were observed at all sites that had low or medium PAc values; in the case of potatoes, even at sites with fairly high values. The mean relative yield without applied P divided by yield with 60 or 45 kg P ha-1 of the ten sites was 81% (mean PAc 11.6 mg dm-3) varying from 55% at the PAc value of 4.7 mg dm-3 to 100% at the highest PAc values. In order to achieve a relative yield of 97%, which is considered the optimum for cereals and leys, the required mean annual application of P in the later parts of the experiments was 25 kg ha-1 (variation 0-42 kg ha-1). On the six soils that had low or medium PAc values (4.5-9.1 mg dm-3, mean 8.0 mg dm-3), relative yield was 97% at the P application rate of 35 kg ha-1 (variation 22-42 kg ha-1), while 11 kg P ha-1 (variation 0-25 kg ha-1) sufficed on the four soils that had higher PAc values (mean 20.8 mg dm-3, variation 11.7-35.2 mg dm-3). Reasons for the poor availability of P in silty and sandy soils were discussed.;

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